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ELEMENTS 


OF  TFTF 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE; 


ANALYTICAL  ORTflOGRA  PHY 


DESIGNED  TO  TEACH 

THE  THILOSOPnV 

OF 

ORTHOGRAPHY  AND  ORTHOEPY 

ADAPTED  TO  SCB  »)I,S 

BY  ALBERT  D.  WRIGHT,  A.  M. 


A.  S.  BARNES  & COMPANY, 
NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO. 


Entered  according  to  the  Acl  of  Congress,  in  the  year  f842, 
BY  ALBERT  D . WRIGHT, 

In  the  Clerk’s  Office  of  lire  District.  Court  of  the  United  StatCc 
for  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1870,  by 
Mrs.  C.  J.  SPENCER, 

111  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington 


PREFACE. 


The  two  prominent  and  distinguishing  features  of  this 
woik  are,  first,  the  elementary  sounds  of  the  language 
are  taught  in  a plain  and  philosophical  manner ; and  sec- 
ond, the  principles  of  orthography  and  orthoepy  are  pre- 
sented in  an  easy  uniform  System  of  Analysts  or  Parsmg. 

Correct  and  finished  articulation  is  a prime  beauty  in 
public  speaking,  reading,  and  conversation.  This  can  most 
readily  and  effectually  be  acquired  by  attending,  systemati- 
cally^ to  the  elementary  sounds  of  language ; and  it  is  be- 
lieved that  the  science  of  sounds  is  here  treated  in  so  at- 
tractive and  practical  a manner,  that  students,  of  all  ages, 
will  receive  incalculable  benefits  from  the  study  of  it.  The 
first  part  of  this  work  may,  with  propriety,  be  termed  An 
Elementary  Treatise  on  Elocution. 

It  will  not,  for  a moment,  be  doubted,  that  Orthography 
is  an  indispensable  branch  of  science ; nor  will  it  be  denied 
that  it  has  been  too  much  neglected  in  the  schools  of  this 
country.  Doubtless,  the  piincipal  reason  that  it  has  not 
received  the  share  of  attention  which  it  deserves,  is  a want 
of  system  in  the  application  of  principles  and  rules.  A 
pupil  soon  becomes  tired  of  studying  what  he  cannot  un- 
derstand ; and  the  technical  terms  and  principles  of  or- 
thography, presented  as  they  usually  are,  by  authors  of 
Dictionaries  and  Spelling  Books,  in  an  abstract  manner, 
are  not  easily  comprehended  by  learners. 

If  the  principles  of  words  could  be  applied  to  words,  and 


I 


PREFACE. 


the  powers  of  letters  ascribed  to  letters,  while  standing  in 
words,  these  principles  and  powers  would  not  only  be  under- 
stood and  easily  retained,  but  the  relative  dependence  of 
letters  or  each  other  in  forming  words,  would  be  readily 
comprehended. 

Hitherto  no  system  in  the  arrangement  and  application 
of  the  principles  of  Orthog'^aphy  has  been  attempted ; bul 
it  was  long  thought  by  some  teachers  of  eminence  that 
something  ot  the  kind  was  a desideratum.  The  Author’s  own 
experience  also  in  teaching,  convinced  him  that  a deficiency 
existed  with  regard  to  this  subject  which  should  be  sup- 
plied. How  far  he  has  succeeded  in  this  effort  to  facilitate 
the  acquisition  of  the  principles  of  the  English  language, 
remains  for  an  enlightened  community  to  judge. 

The  first  edition  was  written  at  intervals,  between  the 
years  i831  and  1S3S,  and  was  mostly  the  result  of  the  Au- 
thor’s experience  in  teaching,  during  that  time.  Though 
perfect  confidence  was  felt  in  the  plan  of  teaching  Ortho- 
graphy by  analysis,  yet,  some  doubt  was  entertained  with 
regard  to  the  propriety  of  publishing  it,  as  it  might  be 
considered  by  some  a theoretical  experiment.  The  book, 
however  was  published  in  1839 ; and  notwithstanding  the 
imperfections  incident  to  a first  effort,  has  been  approved 
and  used,  far  exceeding  the  most  sanguine  anticipations  of 
the  Author ; and  a new  edition,  enlarged  and  improved,  is 
Hijw  offered  to  the  public. 

Part  First,  comprising  a system  of  teaching  the  elemen- 
tary sounds^  is  not  in  the  first  edition ; but  the  importance 
of  the  subject,  intimately  connected  as  it  is  with  the  genera] 
design  of  the  work,  is  sufficient  to  demand  an  insertion.  It 
is  believed  to  be  a valuable  acquisition. 

Part  Second,  teaches  the  powers  and  properties  of  letters 
by  analysis  in  a more  progressive  manner  than  was  taught 


PREFACE. 


5 


in  the  former  edition.  This  is  thought  to  hi:  an  improve 
meiit. 

Part  Third,  teaches  not  only  ttie  philosophy  of  tlie  com 
ponent  parts  of  words,  but  also,  their  meaning,  and  adds 
fhe  combination  of  the  First  and  Second  Parts. 

In  spelling,  the  Author  has  conformed  to  Dr.  Webster’s 
orthography,  mainly. 

The  Edinburgh  Encyclopedia,  the  works  of  Webster, 
Walker,  Sheridan,  Perry,  Rush,  Barber,  Porter  and  many 
others,  have  been  consulted  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  the 
[)rinciples  of  the  language ; but  the  application  of  these 
principles,  by  a uniform  system  of  analysis  and  synthesis,  is 
erigiiiai.  and  is  believed  to  be  of  great  practical  importance 


ALBERT  D.  WRIGHT 


■V. 


INTRODUCTION 


L^v^nguage  existed  before  letters.  Characters  or  letters 
were  invented  to  represent  the  elementary  sounds  of 
spoken  language.  Now,  by  treating  the  elementary* 
sounds  as  the  first  principles  of  the  language,  and  letters 
as  their  representatives,  much  of  the  perplexity  of  what 
are  called  irregular  sounds  will  disappear.  The  truth 
is  there  are  no  irregular  soivndsm  the  English  language. 
Letters  may  be  irregular  in  representing  sounds,  but  the 
sounds  themselves  cannot  be  irregular;  for,  language, 
being  composed  of  sounds,  if  a sound  be  used  and  ap- 
proved it  becomes  a constituent  part  of  the  language,  and 
there  is  no  more  propriety  in  rejecting  it  as  irregular  than 
any  of  the  other  constituent  elementary  sounds.  For  in- 
stance ; by  putting  the  upper  teeth  loosely  against  the 
.^yiinder  lip  and  emitting  an  under  tone  of  voice,  a sound 
will  be  produced  which  is  usually  represented  by  ??,  and 
It  will  not  be  denied  that  it  is  a regular  sound  in  the  lan- 
guage. Now,  in  the  word  o/,  is  the  consonant  sound 
regular  or  irregular?  It  is  the  same  with  the  consonant 
sound  in  the  word  have^  and  here  it  will  be  admitted  it  is 
a regular  sound  ; but  the  consonant  sound  is  exactly  the 
same  in  the  two  words  have  and  <?/,  and  it  would  be  a 
truism  to  say  that  the  same  things  must  be  alike.  It 
apjiears  then  very  plain  that  this  sound  is  regular.  I 
prefer  cjilling  /,  in  the  word  of.,  a sulstitute  for  permit- 
ting the  sound  to  remain  immutable.  It  is  not,  however, 
pretended  that  the  word  is  spelled  wrong  and  should  be 
expressed  by  the  other  letter  ; but  that  the  sound  is  repre- 
sen-.ed  by  a different  letter  than  the  one  commonly  used 


8 


INTRODUCTION. 


to  express  it.  It  is  a curious  fact  that  all  those  sounds 
which  most  authors  call  irregular^  are  the  regular  sounds 
of  some  other  letters.  In  all  such  instances  these  irregu- 
lar  letters  may  be  denominated  substitutes. 

A letter  which  represents  a sound  most  frequently 
gives  name  to  the  sound. 

A long. — The  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  matt.  age. 
weighty  they.^  is  the  first,  long  sound  of  a:  we  therefore 
name  the  sound  a long.  But  it  will  be  perceived  that 
this  sound  is  not  always  expressed  by  a ; for  the  vowel 
sound  in  loeight  is  exactly  the  same  as  in  mate ; and  in 
this  instance  the  vowel  sound  is  expressed  by  ei  instead 
of  a ; but  as  the  letters  el  represent  this  sound  only  in  a 
few  words,  they  together  may  be  considered  a substitute 
for  a long — so  also  ey. 

A short. — The  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  man.^  hat.^  is  a 
short  sound,  and  is  always  represented  by  a ; we  therefore 
denominate  the  sound  a short. 


A medial. — The  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  dare.,  square.^ 
air.^  yrayer.  always  occurs  before  the  sound  of  r,  and  it 
being  a sound  distinct  from  every  other  vowel  sound,  we 
think  it  entitled  to  a separate  name ; also  as  it  is  about  a 
medium  sound  between  a long  and  a Jlat^  we  shall  call 
it  a medial.  Ai  and  ay  in  such  words  as  air.^  fai'f'i 
prayer  are  digraphs,  in  which  a has  the  medial  sound, 
and  i and  y are  silent.  Many  orthoepists  make  no  dis- 
tinction between  this  sound  and  that  of  long  a in  late.^ 
fate ; but  the  person  who  can  perceive  no  difTerence 
between  the  sound  of  a in  lair.^  care.,  dare.,  hair. 

and  the  sound  of  the  same  letter  in  late.,  failj  case.,  date., 
hail.,  certainly  cannot  have  a very  correct  ear  for  dis* 
criminating  sounds.* 


♦ The  editor  of  “ Johnson’s  and  Walker’s  Dictionaries  Combined,” 
m his  preface,  remarks  as  follows : — “ Walker  has  been  censured  for 
not  making  a distinction,  in  his  notation,  between  the  sound  of  a,  in 
hare,  fare.,  hair,  'pair,  &c.,  and  in  fate,  pale,  name,  &c.  Tliis  how- 
ever, is  not  a defect  peculiar  to  Walker,  but  is  common  to  him  with 


INTRODUCTION. 


9 


A Jlat. — The  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  far^  calm^  is 
always  expressed  by  a ; and  to  distinguish  it  from  other 
sounds  represented  by  the  same  letter,  we  name  it  a flat 

broad. — The  vowel  sound  as  heard  m call.^  war^ 
law^  caught.,  for^  is  a broad  sound,  and  is  more  frequently 
represented  by  a than  by  any  other  letter  ; we  therefore 
call  it  broad  a.  But  o represents  this  sound  in  many 
words  ; though  rarely  except  before  r.  So  we  call  o 
when  it  stands  for  this  sound,  a substitute  for  broad  a. 

E long. — The  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  we,  here.,  shire, 
is  generally  expressed  by  the  letter  e ; and  as  it  is  a 
longer  sound  than  the  other  sound  of  this  vowel,  we  call 
it  e long.  I in  shire.^  machine.,  and  the  like,  is  a substi- 
tute for  e long.  E is  sometimes  doubled,  in  which  situa- 
tion it  is  a digraph,  having  but  one  e sounded. 

E short. — The  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  men.,  merry, 
any.,  bury.,  is  a short  sound,  and  is  usually  represented 

other  orthoepists.  No  distinction  is  made  in  the  sound  of  a,  in  these 
words,  by  Kenrick,  Sheriden,  Nates,  Jones,  or  Fulton  and  Knight; 
and  our  countryman,  Mr.  Webster,  in  his  Spelling  Book,  places  them 
all  under  the  first  or  long  sound  of  a.  There  is,  however,  an  obvious 
distinction  in  the  sound,  as  the  words  are  pronounced  in  this  coun 
p'  try,  and  the  same  distinction  is  said  to  be  preserved  in  England ; and 
it  was  used  by  Walker  himself,  in  his  own  pronunciation,  if  we  may 
rely  upon  the  testimony  of  one  of  his  pupils.  Whether  these  orthoe- 
pists  did  not  perceive  the  distinction,  or  whether,  if  they  did  perceive 
it,  they  did  not  think  it  sufficiently  important  to  recognize  it  in  their 
notation,  it  may  be  difficult  to  ascertain.  Perry,  however,  in  his 
‘Synonymous  Etymological  and  Pronouncing  Dictionary,’  has  very 
properly  made  the  distinction.  The  sound  of  long  a,  as  in  ^ate,  he 
indicates  by  a horizontal  line  over  it,  and  the  sound  of  a,  in  bare, 
thus  d,  and,  generally,  when  the  sound  of  long  a,  or  what  is  so  con- 
iidered  by  other  orthoepists,  is  followed  by  r,  as  in  care,  bare,  bear, 
fair,  transparent,  &c.,  he  marks  in  the  manner,  distinguishing  it 
ijrom  a,  in  fate,  name,  &c.  It  is  not  improbable,  that  all  the  other 
orthoepists  made  the  sarnie  distinction,  in  their  practice,  that  Permj 
made  in  his  notation.” 

“ Dr.  Porter,  late  President  of  Amherst  Theological  Seminary,  in 
his  rhetorical  writings,  distinguishes  the  sound  of  a,  or  ai,  in  rare, 
air,  from  the  sound  of  a,  in  rate,  take.*^ 


10 


INTRODUCTION. 


by  6,’  wc  therefore  call  it  e short.  A and  u occasionally 
represent  this  sound,  as  in  any.,  bury ; but  when  so  used 
tliey  may  be  called  substitutes  for  t short. 

1 long. — The  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  tirne^  rhymt^ 

IS  a long  sound,  and  is  more  frequently  represented  by  t 
than  by  any  other  letter  ; it  may  therefore  be  called  the 
sound  of  i long.  Y frequently  represents  this  sound,  but 
as  It  IS  very  often  a consonant,  it  may  with  propriety  be 
considered  a substitute  when  representing  a vowel  sound 

I short. — Tne  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  yin.,  him^  kymn^ 
England.,  busy.,  women.,  is  a short  sound,  and  is  usually 
represented  by  i;  it  is  therefore  called  i short.  When 
y,  u or  0 represents  this  sound,  it  is  a substitute  for  i 
short. 

O long. — The  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  note.,  go,  seni\ 
beau,  is  the  first  long  sound  of  o ; and  as  the  letter  o 
generally  stands  for  the  sound,  we  call  it  o long.  The 
sound  represented  by  ew  in  sew,  and  by  eau  in  beau,  is 
identical  with  o long ; these  letters  may,  therefore,  be 
considered  substitutes  for  it. 

O short. — The  vowel  sound,  as  heard  in  doll,  not,  ^ 
what,  is  a short  sound,  and  is  more  frequently  represented 
by  0 than  any  other  letter ; it  therefore  may  be  called  the 
sound  of  0 short.  The  sound  is  often  represented  by  a, 
but  to  preserve  the  identity  of  the  name  of  the  sound,  we 
cal]  a,  in  such  situations,  a substitute  for  o short. 

O slender. — The  vowel  sound  of  o,  as  heard  in  incve, 
do,  cool,  is  produced  by  a smaller  opening  of  the  lips 
than  any  other  of  the  vowel  sounds  ; and  orthoepists  there- 
fore call  it  0 slender.  Oo  in  cool,  proof,  <fec.,  is  a digraph 
having  but  one  o sounded. 

U long. — The  vowel  sound,  as  heard  in  due,  glue, 
new,  is  a long  sound,  and  is  generally  represented  by  u; 
we  therefore  call  it  the  sound  of  u long.  The  letters  ew 
in  7ieu\  may  be  said  to  be  substituted  for  u long. 


INTRODUCTION. 


11 


U The  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  tub^  fur^  ha 

stiTy  SO', I,  is  a short  sound,  and  is  commonly  represented 
by  11 ; we  therefore  call  the  sound  u short.  When  6,  i 
and  0 represent  this  sound  they  may  be  reckoned  substi 
stitutes  for  u short. 

U wediaL—'Th(}‘.  vowel  sound  as  heard  in  bush.^  puli 
wool.^  wolf.^  is  usually  represented  by  u;  and  the  sound 
appears  to  be  about  a medium  between  n long  and  u 
short ; we  therefore  call  the  sound  u medial.  When  o 
and  00  represent  this  sound,  they  may  be  said  to  be  sub 
stituted  for  u medial. 


DIPTHONGS. 

There  are  two  dipthongal  sounds.^  but  four  dipthon^. 

Ou  and  in  out  and  noio.^  each  represent  the  same 
sound,  whicn  cannot  be  separated  into  two  distinct,  recog- 
nized vowel  sounds ; we  therefore  call  them  inseparablt 
dipthongs. 

Oi  and  op  in  oil.,  boy.,  each  represent  the  same  sound, 
which  can  be  separated  into  the  sounds  of  broad  <2,  and 
short  i or  y;  they  are  therefore  called  separable  dip- 
i hongs. 

CONSONANTS. 

The  consonant  sounds  are  twenty-five  in  number. 

B. — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  babe,  is  an  elemen- 
tary, labial,  subvocal  sound, and  is  always  represented  by/). 

D. — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  did.  is  an  elemen- 
tary, lingual,  subvocal  sound,  and  is  always  represented 
by  d. 

F. — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  fife ^ fief ^ is  an  ele- 
mentary, labia  I,  as])irate  sound  and  is  generally  represented 
by  f.  The  same  sound  occurs  in  a few  words,  such  as 
philosophy.^  rough  where  it  is  represented  hy  ph  and  ghi 
but  these  letters  in  such  situations  do  no  represen  then 


12 


INTRODUC  TION 


Dwn  peculiar  sounds,  but  incidentally  stand  for  the  sound 
which  f always  represents,  (except  in  the  word  of) ; 
therefore  they  are  irregular,  and  stand  as  substitutes  for/ 

G.  — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  go^  egg^  is  an  ele- 
mentary, palatal,  subvocal  sound,  ard  is  never  represented 
by  any  other  letter  than  g. 

H.  — The  aspiration  heard  before  e and  in  the  words 
ke  and  high  is  always  represented  by  the  letter  h.  The 
sound  is  defective  in  its  organ ical  conformation,  not  being 
struck  by  any  of  the  organs  of  speech  ; but  it  is,  notwith- 
standing, an  elementary  sound. 

J. — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  judge fis,  an  ele- 
mentary. dental,  subvocai  sound,  and  is  usually  repre- 
sented b}^  j or  g soft ; (i  is  a substitute  for  j in  such  words 
as  verdure^  grandeur^  soldier. 

Most  writers  on  the  elements  of  language  represent^ 
(IS  a compound  sound,  which  may  be  resolved  into  dzh 
or  dj.  It  will  be  found  by  experiment  that  the  sound  of 
zh  in  dzh  can  be  prolonged  at  pleasure  after  the  d has 
been  articulated,  but  if  the  sound  of  j be  correctly  uttered 
It  cannot  be  prolonged  without  destroying  its  character. 
The  difference  between  them  appears  to  be  that  the  sound 
of  j is  shorter  and  produced  by  a stronger  percussion  of 
the  organs  than  dzh.  To  illustrate ; in  the  word  rasure 
where  s before  u has  the  sound  of  zh^  if  we  put  d before  i 
it  will  be  radsiire  or  radzhure.,  which  a discriminating 
ear  will  perceive  is  not  exactly  the  same  as  rajure.  The 
sounds  of  dzh  and  of  j are  therefore  different.  That  ^ 
cannot  be  composed  of  the  sounds  of  dj  js  very  evident; 
it  might  with  equal  propriety  be  said  that  the  number  five 
is  composed  of  the  numbers  two  and  five.  The  sound 
of  this  letter  then  appears  to  be  not  the  sound  of  any  other 
two  letters  or  more,  but  is  sui  generis  and  represented  by 
the  character  j or  g soft.  If  it  be  said  that  it  is  not  per- 
lectly  simple,  the  same  may  be  said  of  h or  d^  or  Qxiy  of 
die  subvocals,  for  if  p is  admitted  to  be  simple,  b adds  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


13 


subvocal  or  undeilone^  making  it  more  than  simple.  So 
with  t and  6lc.  But  no  orthoepist  pretends  that  b or 
d is  not  an  elementary  sound.  We  therefore  conclude 
that  j and  its  cognate  ch  are  elementary  sounds. 

K.  — The  consonant  sounds  heard  in  key^  cake^  qnake^ 
is  an  elementary,  whispering,  palatal  sound  and  is  ropie* 
sented  by  three  different  characters — k,  c hard  and  q ; c 
and  q are,  however,  superfluous  in  the  language;  but 
when  used  are  substitutes  for  k.  Ch  in  echo^  and  gh  in 
lough^  are  substitutes  for  ^ also. 

L.  — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  lull^  lilly^  is  an 
elementary,  lingual,  subvocal  sound,  and  is  always  repre 
sented  by  1. 

M.  — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  maim^  mummy ^ is 
an  elementary,  labial,  sub  vocal  sound,  and  always  repre- 
sented by  m. 

N.  — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  none,  nine^  is  an 
elementary,  lingual,  subvocal  sound  and  is  always  repre- 
sented by  n. 

P. — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  yife.  papa.,  is  an 
elementary,  labial,  aspirate  sound  and  is  always  repre- 
sented by  p, 

R.  — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  rrzrc,  ronr^  is  an 
elementary,  subvocal,  lingual  sound  and  is  always  repre- 
sented by  r. 

S.  — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  muce.^  ceasc.^  is  an 
elementary,  dental,  aspirate  sound  and  is  always  repre- 
sented by  s or  c soft. 

T.  — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  is  an 

elementary,  lingual,  aspirate  sound  and  is  generally  rep- 
resented by  though  the  sound  is  sornenmes  heard  in 
words  ending  in  ed  after  any  of  the  consonants  which 
are  not  subvocal  except  t.  In  such  situations  t is  silent 
and  is  a substitute  for  t. 


2 


14 


INTRODUCTION. 


V. — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  view,  vie,,  is  an 
elementary,  labial,  subvocal  sound  and  is  represented  by 
r,  except  in  the  word  of  where  / is  a substitute  for  v 

W — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  way,  woe,,  we,  is  an 
elementary,  labial,  subvocal  sound  and  is  regularly  rep* 
resented  by  w ; bul  u stands  for  this  sound  in  such  words 
as  persuade,  language,  banquet,  when  it  is  a substitute 
tor  w. 

X does  not  represent  an  elementary  sound,  but  is  equiv 
alent  to  k and  5,  as  in  tax,  or  to  g and  z in  exits.  It  is 
always  a substitute. 

Y. “-The  consonant  sound  heard  in  ye,  you,  is  an 
elementary,  lingual,  subvocal  sound  and  is  regularly 
represented  by  y ; but  in  such  words  as  alien,  valiant,  % 
beconies  a consonant  and  is  substituted  for  y. 

Z.  — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  ooze  is  an  elemen- 
tary, dental,  sub  vocal  sound  and  is  usually  represented 
by  z;  it  is  however  frequently  expressed  by  s as  in  his, 
and  occasionally  by  c as  in  suffice,  and  x in  xebec;  but 
in  these  situations,  s,  c,  and  x are  substitutes  for  z. 

The  combination  th  represents  two  distinct,  elementary 
sounds. 

Th  aspirate. — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  thigh, 
oath,  is  an  elementary,  lingual  aspirate  sound,  and  is 
always  represented  by  th. 

Th  subvocal. — Tiie  consonant  sound  heard  in  the, 
though,  is  an  elementary,  lingual,  subvocal  sound,  and  is 
ilways  represented  by  th. 

Ch. — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  etch,  church,  is 
an  elementary  dental,  aspirate  sound,  and  is  generally 
represented  by  ch;  but  the  same  sound  occurs  in  such 
words  as  fustian,  nature,  where  ti  and  t are  substitute? 
for  ch. 

Sh. — The  consonant  sound  heard  in  shew,  asn,  is  an 


INTRODUCTION. 


15 


elementary,  dental,  ..spirate  sound,  and  is  commonly  rep- 
presented  by  sh.  This  sound  also  occurs  in  such  words 
as  ocean^  social^  mansion^  nation^  chaise  and  sugar;  but 
ce,  ci^  a,  ch  and  5,  in  these  words  are  substitutes  for  sh. 

Zh. — There  is  a consonant  sound  exactly  like  the 
sound  of  5A,  with  the  addition  of  an  undertone  or  sub 
vocal.  It  is  expressed  by  si  in  fusion.^  zi  in  glazier.^  and 
z and  s before  u in  azure.^  rasure.  The  sound  is  named 
zh  by  orthoepists,  probably  to  correspond  in  form  with  its 
cognate  sh. 

Wh. — The  consonant  sound  heard  m why.^  whey.,  is 
reckoned  by  Dr.  Rush  and  others  an  elementary  sound. 
It  is  not  sub  vocal,  but  is  a cognate  of  w producing  a mere 
whispering  and  is  always  represented  by  wh. 

NG. — The  consonant  sound  heard  after  the  vowel  i 
in  5mg,  ring.,  is  an  elementary,  subvocal,  palatal  sound 
and  IS  generally  represented  by  ng.  Also  when  n is 
followed  by  any  of  the  palatals  in  the  same  syllable,  it 
takes  the  peculiar  sound  of  ng. 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  USING  THIS  BOOI^, 


This  work  is  not  a spelling  book.  It  is  designed  to  be 
studied  by  students  of  all  ages  after  they  have  learned  to 
read.  Scholars  should  commence  at  Part  First,  and 
commit  to  memory  the  coarse  print,  and  be  able  to  an- 
.swer  the  questions  at  the  bottom  of  the  pages. 

Frequent  exercises  in  making  the  elementary  sounds 
in  the  tables,  should  be  insisted  upon  until  they  become 
perfectly  familiar;  for  they  are  the  fundamental  principles 
of  the  language.  At  first  the  scholars  may  have  the 
books  before  them  while  they  are  making  the  sounds, 
but  by  freq^iency  of  repetition  they  will  be  able  to  repeat 
hem  in  their  order  without  the  assistance  of  the  books. 
The  sounds  may  be  made  in  concert  by  the  whole  school, 
er  by  a single  class. 

The  pupils  should  be  often  exercised  in  spelling  word? 
by  their  sounds  ; this  will  enable  them  to  obtain  pre- 
cision and  elegance  in  articulation,  and  bv  thus  directing 
their  attention  to  each  particular  sound  in  the  word,  they 
will  acquire  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  powmrs  and 
connection  of  letters.  The  idea  how^ever  should  not  be 
entertained  that  this  spelling  by  sounds  should  supercede 
the  ordinary  method  of  spehing  by  the  letters. 

When  the  student  arrives  at  Part  Sfx’ond,  he  should 
commit  to  memory  all  the  definitions  and  the  list  of  let- 
ters m each  class,  order,  and  genus,  and  be  required  not 
only  to  answ'cr  the  questions  on  the  analysis,  but  to 


18 


analyze  words  himself.  He  should  for  this  purpose 
have  a blank  book  (a  common  wTiting  book  will  do), 
in  which  he  should  write  down,  in  as  neat  a hand  as 
possible,  the  analysis  of  the  words  given  for  examples. 
The  teacher  can  inspect  the  analysis  thus  written, 
when  the  scholar  comes  to  his  recitation. 

The  teacher  can  vary  the  exercises  by  writing  the 
analysis  of  a word  on  a blackboard  or  large  slate,  and 
by  requiring  the  scholars  to  recite  it  in  concert,  ob- 
serving to  keep  time. 

If  there  are  scholars  studying  it  who  have  not 
learned  to  write,  this  last  exercise  will  be  found  very 
convenient  and  useful. 

In  Pakt  Third,  the  definitions  should  be  commit- 
ted to  memory,  and  great  care  should  be  taken  to 
learn  the  meaning  of  the  prefixes  and  suffixes.  The 
definitions  of  the  primitive  parts  can  be  learned  from 
a dictionary  while  writing  the  analysis,  but  the  pre- 
fixes and  suffixes  should  be  previously  acquired. 

All  the  words  given  for  examples,  and  such  others 
as  may  be  thought  proper,  should  be  written  out  in 
full,  and  preserved  as  specimens  of  the  student’s  pen- 
manship and  investigation  in  orthography. 


PART  FIRST- 


PHONOLOGY. 

Language  is  the  medium  for  the  communicatiou 
of  thought. 

Language  is  of  two  kinds,  Natural  and  Aiiificial. 

Natural  language  consists  in  all  those  tones  of  voice, 
expressions  of  countenance,  and  gestures,  which  con- 
vey intelligence  from  one  living  being  to  another. 

Artificial  language  consists  in  the  conventional  use 
of  words  to  express  ideas. 

Artificial  language  has  two  forms  in  which  it  is 
represented.  Spoken  and  Written. 

Spoken  language  consists  in  the  use  of  certain 
sounds  of  the  human  voice,  in  such  collocation  and 
arrangement  as  to  make  words  and  sentences. 

Written  language  consists  in  representing  the  ele- 
mentary sounds  of  spoken  language  by  certain  marks 
or  characters  called  letters. 

Phonology  is  the  science  of  the  elementary  sounds 
uttered  by  the  human  voice  in  speech. 

An  elementary  sound  is  one  that  cannot  be  divided 
so  as  to  be  represented  by  two  or  more  letters. 

lu  the  English  language  there  are  forty -one  ele- 
mentary sounds,  and  every  spoken  English  word  is 
entirely  composed  of  some  of  these  sounds. 

The  elementary  sounds  of  language  ai  e produced  by 


What  is  language?  Of  how  many  kinds  is  language  ? What  are  they  f 
What  does  natural  language  consist  in  ? Artificial  ? How  many  forms 
has  artificial  language?  What  are  they?  What  is  spoken  langu^e? 
Written?  What  is  phonology?  What  is  an  elementary  sound  ? How 
many  sounds  are  there  in  the  English  language  ? Are  words  made  ol 
these  sounds  ? How  are  the  elementary  sounds  produced  ? 


20 


ANALYTICAi 


difTerenl  potjitions  of  the  organs  of  speech  in  conneo 
tion  with  the  voice,  the  subvocal,  and  the  breath. 

The  principal  organs  of  speech  are  the  lips,  teeth, 
tongue,  and  palate. 

The  voice  is  produced  by  the  vibrations  of  the 
breath  in  the  larynx,  a pipe  in  the  throat. 

The  subvocal  is  the  voice  partly  suppressed  by  the 
organs  of  speech  ; thus  making  an  undertone. 

The  Aspirates  are  mere  whispers  produced  by  the 
organs  of  speech  and  breath. 

Cognate  letters  are  such  as  are  produced  by  the 
same  organs,  in  a similar  manner  ; thus,  p is  a cognate 
of  / is  a cognate  of  ri,  &c. 

SPECIFIC  DIRECTIONS  FOR  MAKING  THE  ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS. 

VOWEL  SOUNDS. 

a long  . . . Speak  a as  it  is  pronounced  in  the  alphabet 
for  its  long  sound. 

a short...  Try  to  pronounce  the  word  at  without 
touching  the  tongue  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 
— Make  the  sound  short  as  possible, 
a medial . . Hold  the  tongue  and  palate  perfectly  still, 
and  then  try  to  pronounce  the  word  air. 

a fiat Speak  the  word  ah  correctly,  and  it  will  be 

the  sound  of  a fiat ; or  try  to  speak  the  word 
art  without  stirring  the  tongue, 
a broad.  . . Pronounce  the  word  awe  correctly;  or  hold 
the  tongue  still  in  the  bottom  of  the  mouth 
and  endeavor  to  pronounce  the  word  all. 
e long.  . . . Speak  e as  it  is  pronounced  in  the  alphabet, 
for  its  long  sound 


What  art  the  principal  organs  of  speech  ? How  is  the  voice  produced  ? What 
Is  the  sub  vocal  ? What  are  the  whispering  letters  called?  What  are  cogi'ate 
letters?  What  is  the  direction  fbr  making  the  .sound  of  lonrr  a?  Make  the 
sound.  Direction  for  making  a short  7 Make  the  sound.  Direction  for  making 
^medial?  Make  the  sonnd.  Direction  for  making  a/c/:?  Make  the  sourl. 
Directions  for  makir/^  a broad  ? Make  the  sound.  Directions  for  making  e long? 
Make  t le  sound 


‘''RTHOGKAPinf. 


21 


6 short  ....  Open  the  mouth  about  far  enough  to  articu- 
late a long^  then,  keeping  the  lips  still,  en- 
deavor to  pronounce  the  word  ebb.  Make 
the  sound  very  short. 

long  . . . Speak  i as  it  is  pronounced  in  the  alphabet, 


for  its  long  sound. 

short.  . . . Prevent  the  tongue  from  touching  the  roof 
of  the  mouth,  and  try  to  pronounce  the  ord 
taking  care  to  make  the  sound  as  short  as 
possible. 

0 long Utter  the  natural  alphabetical  sound  of  o 

for  Its  long  sound. 

6 short  ....  Hold  the  tongue  perfectly  still  in  the  bot 
tom  of  the  mouth,  and  try  to  pronounce  the 
word  on,,  quickly. 


0 slender  . . . Keep  the  tongue  clear  from  the  roof  of  the 
mouth,  and  try  to  pronounce  the  word  do. 

u long Try  to  pronounce  the  word  due  without 

touching  the  tip  of  the  tongue  to  any  part  of 
the  mouth. 

Q short Endeavor  to  pronounce  the  word  uf  with- 

out closing  the  lips. 

0 medial ....  This  sound  is  o in  do  shortened,  and  is 
heard  in  the  word  full.  If  the  2^.  in  this  word 
be  stripped  of  its  cDnsonants  and  still  retain 
the  same  sound,  it  will  be  u medial. 


Directions  for  making  e short!  Make  the  sound.  Direc- 
tions for  making  i long!  Make  the  sound.  Directions  for 
making  i short ! Make  the  sound.  Directions  for  making 
0 long!  Make  the  sound.  Directions  lor  making  o short  7 
Make  the  sound.  Directions  for  making  o Make 

the  sound.  What  is  the  direction  for  making  the  sound  of 
ulong!  Make  the  sound.  What  is  the  direction  for  making 
the  sound  of  u short ! Make  the  sound.  What  is  the 
direction  for  making  u medial!  Make  the  sound. 


22 


ANALYTICAL. 


DIPHTHONGS. 

ou  ovv Try  to  speak  the  word  out^  without  touch- 

ing the  tongue  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth, 
oi  oy . . . . Try  to  utter  the  word  oil^  without  permit- 
ting the  tongue  to  come  in  contact  with  the 
upper  part  of  the  mouth;  or  utter  broad  d 
anfi  short  I in  rapid  succession. 

Let  the  sounds  in  the  following  table  be  made  with  full  volume 
of  voice,  commencing  each  with  a sudden  effort  from  the  lungs. 

In  the  first  column  the  sounds  can  be  prolonged  at  pleasure 
without  any  change  of  the  organs.  These  may  be  called  perfect 
long  vowels. 

In  me  second  column  the  sounds  can  also  be  prolonged,  but  not 
without  a change  in  the  character  of  the  sounds.  These  are  called 
imperfect  long  vowels. 

In  the  third  column  the  sounds  cannot  be  prolonged  at  all,  yet 
they  are  perfect. 


THE  VOCAL  SOUNDS  ASSORTED 
[To  be  repeated  in  concert.] 


EXERCISE  I. 

EXERCISE  ll. 

EXERCISE  in. 

Perfect  long. 

Imperfect  long. 

Perfect  short 

a 

\ 

a 

1 

a 

u 

e 

a 

Diphthongs 

i 

a 

ou  ow 

f) 

p. 

oi  oy 

11 

0 

ft 

6 

What  is  the  direction  for  making  the  diphthongal  sound 
of  ou  or  ow  7 Make  the  sound.  What  is  the  direction  for 
making  the  diphthongal  sound  of  oi  or  oy  7 Make  the  sound 
[The  pupils  should  now  be  required  to  lepeat  these 
sounds  in  concert,  commencing  back  with  a Imig  and  taking 
diem  down  in  their  regular  order.] 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


2a 


recapitulation. 


EXERCISE  rv. 
Long  Vowels. 
a 

i 

a 

k 

e 

0 

(s 

II 

S7u77t  Vowels. 

a 

9 

I 

d 


EXERCISE  V. 

Vowels. 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

e 

e 

i 

o 

C 

o 

u 

u 

ft 


EXERCISE  VI. 

Diphthongs. 


ou  ow 
01  oy 


It  should  be  observed  that  short  a is  not  long  a shortened, 
nor  is  short  e long  e shortened  ; but  the  following  diagram 
V.  ill  illustrate  the  long  and  short  vowels  philosophically. 


a e 

k a 

a 6 

a 

e i 

i 

o 

o u 

u 

u 


Ct  long  shortened  becomes  e short. 

Q medial  shortened  becomes  a short, 
a Jiat  shortened  becomes  o short, 
a broad  has  no  short  sound  represented, 
's  u/ag  shortened  becomes  i short, 
i Lon^  hat  no  short  sound  represented. 
o nas  no  short  sound  represented 
o shortened  becomes  u medial. 

iL  Oiju?  no  short  sound  represented. 
u.  ihon  has  no  long  sound  represented. 


Repeat  the  sounds  of  the  perfect  long  vowels  as  they 
recur  in  the  hrsi  column,  several  times;  also,  the  Imperfect 
long  and  the  Perfect  short.  Can  you  repeat  the  column 
of  vowel  sounds  in  the  recapitulation? 


24 


AJNIALYTICAL 


Some  teachers  may  prefer  the  following  mode  of  tcachiag  tnc 
vowel  sounds.  If  this  method  should  be  adopted,  the  preceding 
may  be  omitted. 

i Makti  ih^  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  ate  distinctly,  < sound  as  in  ate^  leaving 

( off  te  ; thus,  a te 

r Make  the  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  at  distinctly,  < sound  as  in  at^  leaving 

( off  the  t ; thus,  a t 

( Make  the  same  vowe- 
Speak  the  word  air  distinctly,  < sound  as  in  air,  leav- 

( ing  off  ir;  thus,  a ir 

i Make  the  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  art  distinctly,  < sound  as  in  ar^,  omitting 

( r and  t ; thus,  a rt 

( Make  the  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  all  distinctly,  < sound  as  in  all.  leaving 

( off  ll ; thus,  a 11 

C Make  the  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  eve  distinctly,  < sound  as  in  eve^  leaving 

(off  V ; thus  e ve 

C Make  the  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  ebb  distinctly,  < sound  as  in  ebb^  leaving 

(off  bb ; thus,  e bb 

SMake  the  same  vowel 
sound  as  in  ice,  leaving 
off  ce ; thus  i ce 

SMake  the  same  vowe: 
sound  as  in  i^,  leaving 
off  the  t ; thus  i t 

i Make  the  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  oak  distinctly,  < sound  as  in  oak^  leaving 

( off  ak ; thus,  o ak 


OR  ^HOGRAPHY. 


25 


{ Make  the  same  voweJ 
Speak  the  word  on  distinctly,  •?  sound  as  in  07i^  leaving 

( off  71  ,*  thus,  o n 

r Make  the  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  do  distinctly,  < sound  as  in  do^  leaving 

(off d;  thus  d o 

iMake  .he  same  vowel 
sound  as  in  du^.^  leaving 
off  d;  thus  due 

C Make  the  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  up  correctly,  < sound  as  in  up^  leaving 

(off  p ; thus  u p 

C Make  the  same  vowel 
Speak  the  word  pull  correctly,  < sound  as  mpull^  leaving 

f off  p and  ll;  thus,  p u iT 

DIPHTHONGS. 

c Make  the  same  sound 
Speak  the  word  out  correctly,  ■?  leaving  off  the  t ; thus, 

( ou  t 

SMake  the  same  sound 
leaving  off  the  1;  thus 

oi  1 

RECAPITrLATION. 


Exeicise. 


a 

te 

o aU 

a 

t 

o n 

a 

ir 

d 

o 

a 

h 

d 

11  e 

a 

we 

II  p 

e 

ve 

P 

u ll 

e 

bb 

Diphthongs 

i 

ce 

ou  i 

If  oi  1 


3 


26 


ANALYTICAL 


♦ The  followinjT  diagrams  will  exhibit  some  curious  and  highly 
interesting  circumstances  in  relation  to  the  vowel  sounds. 

Leaving  out  the  long  vowels  may  be  placed  in  the  following 
scale  which  will  shtnv  the  different  positions  of  the  tongue  in  utter- 
ing their  sounds 

e e 


u 


a 


a 


o 


a 


in  sounding  long  the  tongue  is  very  close  to  the  upper  gums, 
leaving  but  a small  aperture.  In  sounding  it  separates  a little 
from  them.  In  6,  it  drops  still  lower.  In  lower  yet.  And  in  d, 
lowest.  It  then  rises  a step  on  d ; higher  on  d ; higher  still  on  a ; 
and  highest  on  e.  It  will  be  observed  that  those  letters  that  are  on 
the  same  level  in  the  diagram  can  be  sounded  with  nearly  tlic  same 
position  of  the  tongue,  though  the  lips  are  in  different  shapes. 

If  now  we  let  tfiese  letters  remain  in  the  same  relative  position, 
but  put  them  in  a circle,  this  circle  can  be  followed  round  repeatedly, 
commencing  with  e at  the  top  of  the  circle,  where  the  tongue  will  be 
highest  or  nearest  the  upper  gums,  in  the  direction  of  the  index, 
through  6,  &c.,  as  on  the  opposite  page. 


The  line  print  need  not  be  studied  by  beginneie. 


ORTHOGRAniY. 


27 


If  wc  take  this  same  diagram  and  commence  at  o,  making  the 
sounds  through  the  circle  in  the  same  direction,  it  will  he  observed 
that  the  Ups  will  have  the  smallest  aperture  at  the  j lace  of  begin- 
ning, and  will  gradually  ofjen  till  we  get  to  it  on  the  opposite  side, 
where  the  lips  will  be  farthest  apart,  when  they  will  gradually  con- 
tract till  we  arrive  at  o,  tht?  place  of  beginning. 

It  is  a curious  circumstiince  that  e and  a on  opposite  sides  of  the 
scale  have  the  greatest  variation?  of  the  tongue^  and  that  6 and  tt, 
standing  ol  right  angles  with  these  on  the  opposite  sidiv?«  from  each 
otirer  ha^^e  the  least  ii.:id  greatest  apertures  of  the  lw% 


28 


analytical. 


The  short  vowels  may  be  put  into  similar  diap;ramp.,  though  not 
as  perfectly. 


e 


1 


11 


a 


6 


0 


CONSONANT  SOUNDS. 


p— — The  sound  of  p is  made  by  closing  the 
lips  and  forcing  them  suddenly  apart  with 
the  breath. 


OJ 


o 


R> The  sound  of  h is  like  the  sound  of  p in 

connection  with  an  under-tone  or  subvocal. 
But  this  under-tone  must  cease  as  soon  as 
the  lips  are  opened. 

f Put  the  upper  teeth  upon  the  lower  lip 

and  emit  the  breath  between  them. 

V The  sound  of  v is  like  that  of  /in  connec* 

tion  with  the  suhvocal. 


wIj — Contract  the  lips  to  the  smallest,  roundest 
position  and  suddenly  relax  them  while  the 
breath  is  rushing  out. 

w The  sound  of  w is  like  that  of  wh  in  con- 

k nection  with  the  subvocal. 


Repeat  the  sounds  in  the  exercise  under  Recapitulation 
dll  they  become  familiar.  What  is  the  direction  for  making 
the  sound  of  p ? Make  the  sound.  What  is  the  direction 
for  making  the  sound  of  6 ? Direction  for  making  /?  Make 
the  sound.  Direction  for  v7  Make  the  sound.  Direction 
for  wh?  Make  the  sound.  Direction  for  w?  Make  the 
sound. 


ORTIIOGRAPirV. 


29 


o 


8 ana  c ^^oft — In  order  to  make  the  hissing  sound 
of  5,  bring  the  teeth  nearly  together,  then 
place  the  tip  of  the  tongue  near  the  upper 
gums  and  emit  the  breath. 

z The  sound  of  z is  like  that  of  s in  -onnec- 

tion  with  the  subvocal 

sli Close  the  teeth  ver)  nearly,  then  bring  tht 

middle  of  the  tongue  near  the  roof  of  the 
mouth,  allowing  a space  for  the  breath  to 
escape,  and  the  sound  of  sh  can  be  made. 

zUs  — The  sound  named  zh^  is  like  that  of  sh  in 
connection  with  the  subvocai 

viz — Close  the  teeth,  and  put  the  tip  and  mid- 
dle of  the  tongue  against  the  roof  of  the 
mouth,  then  the  breath  may  force  the  tongue 
away,  passing  out  suddenly  between  the 
teeth. 

j and  g soft — The  sound  ofy  is  like  that  of  ch  in 
connection  with  the  subvocal. 

t Put  the  tip  of  the  tongue  tightly  against 

the  roof  of  the  mouth  and  force  it  suddenly 
away  with  the  breath. 

cS The  sound  of  d is  like  that  of  t in  con 

nection  with  suboocaL 

tls Put  the  tongue  loosely  against  the  uppei 

teeth  and  emit  the  breath. 

til This  sound  of  th  is  like  the  other  sound 

of  ih.  in  connection  with  the  subvocal, 


Direction  lor  s ? Make  the  sound.  Direction  for  t ^ 
Make  the  sound.  Direction  for  sh  7 Make  the  sound. 
Direction  for  zh?  Make  the  sound.  Direction  for  ch? 
Make  the  sound.  Direction  for  y?  Make  the  sound.  Direc- 
tion for  1 7 Make  the  sound.  Direction  for  d 7 Make  the 
souna  Direction  for  th  7 Make  the  sound. 


ANALYTICAL 


30 


Cl 

CL  u. 
o 


k,  c hard,  <i — All  represent  the  same  sour  j, 
»vhich  is  made  by  closing  the  palate  and 
suddenly  forcing  out  the  breath. 


g The  sound  of  g hard  is  like  that  of  k in 

connection  with  the  subvocaL 


k Emit  the  breath  suddenly  with  ail  the 

organs  open. 

i Put  the  tip  of  the  tongue  to  the  roof  of  the 

mouth  and  let  the  subvocal  escape  through 
each  side. 

Ri Close  the  lips  and  emit  the  subvocal 

through  the  nose. 

It Close  the  mouth  by  the  tongue  against 

the  roof  of  the  mouth  and  emit  the  subvoca’ 
through  the  nose. 

r Place  the  under  part  of  the  tip  of  the 

tongue  near  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  and  with 
the  lips  open,  emit  the  subvccal. 

y Place  both  sides  of  the  tongue  against  the 

upper  teeth,  leaving  the  tip  free  ; then  with 
a sudden  impulse  emit  the  subvocal,  and  at 
the  same  instant  spring  the  middle  of  the 
tongue  very  near  the  roof  of  the  mouth  and 
back  again. 

mg Close  the  palate  and  throw  the  subvooid 

through  the  nose. 


Direction  for  Make  the  sound.  Direction  for  k, 

cJiard^  and  q?  Make  the  sound.  Direction  forg?  Make 
llie  sound.  Direction  for /i  ? Make  the  sound,  m?  Make 
the  sound,  n 7 Make  the  sound,  r 7 Make  tlie  sound 
y?  Make  the  sound  ns:  7 Make  the  sound. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


31 


This  is  not  an  elementary  sound,  but  is  a 

compound  of  the  sounds  of  k and  s in  rapid 
succession. 


THE  CONSONANT  SOUNDS  ANALOGICi^  LI.Y 
ARRANGED. 


Aspirates.  Siibvocals. 

EXERCISE  I. 


1>  " 

I* V 


1 Y 

AM 

EXERCISE 

II. 

§ 

“Z 

ill* 

i&ll 

i 

C*aB  

EXERCISE 

5 

III. 

E 

th 

EE 

—til 

EXERCISE  IV. 


Cognate  letters. 


g J 


EXERCISE  V. 

h 


ni 

n 

r 

V 

ns 


Direction  for  a:?  Make  the  sound. 

Make  the  sound  of  p with  strong  percussion  ; then  the 
Sound  oi'b  in  a similar  manner—;/’  and  v — wh  and  w — s and 
— sh  and  zh — ch  and  j — t and  d — th  and  th — k and  g , 
dien  of  /i,  Z,  m.  n.  r,  y,  ng. — [Care  should  be  taken  to  utter 
only  the  sounds  of  the  consonants,  and  not  the  letter  names. 
These  sounds  should  be  repeated  often,  till  they  become 
familiar.] 


32 


ANALYTICAL 


THE  VWVELS,  SUBVOCALS,  AND  ASPIRATES 
CLASSIFIED. 

The  scholars  should  not  pronounce  the  words  in  the 
folIo^\^ng  table,  nor  the  letter  names;  but  they  should 
ntter  only  the  sounds  of  the  letters  in  Italic. 


Vowels. 

Subvocals, 

spiratea. 

a 

te 

b 

ay 

f 

ay 

d 

t 

d 

ay 

h 

ay 

d 

ir 

g 

ay 

k 

ay 

d 

rl 

J 

ay 

P 

ay 

d 

11 

1 

ay 

s 

ay 

e 

ve 

m 

a^ 

t 

oy 

e 

bb 

n 

ay 

th 

in 

i 

ce 

7 

ay 

ch 

e\v 

i 

t 

i 

ay 

sh 

ow 

0 

Id 

w 

ay 

wh 

V 

6 

n 

V 

e 

d 

6 

a 

d 

u 

e 

th 

ey 

u 

P 

zh 

P 

it 

t 

SI  ng 

Diphthongs,  ^ | 

The  above  table  may  be  preferred  by  some  as  on  exer- 
cise, instead  of  the  lessons  on  pages  23  and  25. 


ORTHOGRAPHY 


33 


EXERCISES. 


A 

Complete  Alphabet  of  the  Elementary  Sounds^ 

Vowel  Sounds 

Consonant  Sounds. 

Elements 

represent  i 

1 

a 

17 

b 

b%  combinations 

2 

a 

18 

d 

35 

th 

3 

a 

19 

f 

36 

ih 

4 

a 

20 

g 

37 

ch 

5 

a 

21 

h 

38 

sh 

6 

e 

22 

j 

39 

zL 

7 

e 

23 

k 

40 

wh 

8 

i 

24 

1 

41 

9 

i 

25 

m 

10 

0 

26 

n 

11 

6 

27 

P 

12 

6 

28 

r 

13 

u 

29 

s 

14 

u 

30 

t 

15 

u 

31 

V 

Diph  thongs. 

32 

w 

16 

ou  ow 

33 

y 

t 

oi  oy 

34 

z 

The  Elementary  sounds  may  now  be  put  together  so  as  to  torir, 
words,  observing  not  to  speak  the  names  of  the  letters,  but  merely 
their  sounds,  except  when  the  name  and  sound  coincide. 

JMake  the  sound  of  m and  of  long-  e separately,  and 
then  pronounce  them  in  connection  ; thus, 
m e me 


♦ Some  late  writers  make  but  thirty-eight  elementary  sounds.  In  sc 
doing  they  entirely  omit  a in  hair,  and  represent  j and  ch  as  compose.^ 
of  other  elementary  sounds : See  A medi^  and  J in  the  Introduction. 

t It  will  be  observed  that  oi  and  mj  are'  placed  in  this  alphabet,  but 
not  numbered.  They  do  not  represent  an  elementary  sound  but  two 
eounds  in  connection,  A and  i.  The  reason  why  they  were  inserteil 
here  is,  because  these  sounds,  occurring  together  in  this  order,  are 
never  represented  by  any  other  letters  than  oi  or  oy.  The  letter  x also 
represents  two  sounds — k and  s,  and  is  sometimes  represented  by  there 
letters,  as  in  tacks,  (small  nails)  sounding  exactly  like  tax  (a  rate.) 

t Spelling  by  sounds  should,  by  no  means,  take  the  place  of  tho 
ordinary  method  of  spelling  by  the  letter  names. 


34 


ANALYTICAL 


This  putting  together  sounds  so  as  to  form  words,  is 
called  S3nithesis. 

FIRST  EXERCISE  IN  SYNTHESIS 


Elements. 

m e 

a t 

and 

band 

Pronounced 

me 

at 

and 

bt  «d 

b e 

e g 

a p t 

land 

be 

egg 

apt 

land 

d a 

a z 

man 

b r 1 t 

day 

as 

mar 

bright 

s a 

0 k 

bag 

m a r n 

say 

oak 

bag 

morn 

g-  3 

i t 

gad 

bland 

gay 

it 

gad 

bland 

SECOND  EXERCISE  IN  SYNTHESIS. 


Words  of  difficult  Articulation, 

Elements. 

a-k-t-s 

r-i-th-in 

h-a-n-d-z 

Pronounced 

acts 

rythrn 

hands 

sh-r-i-n 

m-ou-th-z 

m-i-s-t-s 

shrine 

mouths 

mists 

m-u-n-th-s 

w-i-v-z 

f-l-S-t-S 

months 

wives 

fists 

s-t-r-e-ch-t 

sh-r-i-ng-k 

g-r-l-S-t-5 

stretched 

shrink 

grists 

t-w-I-s-t-s 

wh-i-S'p-s 

g-O-S-t-S 

twists 

whisps 

ghosts 

w-u-r-l-d-z 

m-ii-l-k-t 

p-o-s-t*s 

worlds 

mulct 

posts 

t-r-a-k-t-s 

sh-r-i-ng-k-s 

h-o-s-t-s 

tracts 

shrinks 

hosts 

b-u-r-s-t-s 

th-r-u-s-t-s 

t-w-e-l-f-th 

bursts 

thrusts 

twelfth 

b-r-e-d-th-8 

p-r-e-s-t-s 

s-i-k-s-th^ 

breadths 

priests 

sixths 

What  is 

putting  sounds  together  to  form  words  called' 

—Spell  me  by  its  sounds ; 

he^  (^c. — acts  skrine^  cfc. 

ORTHOGRArHY. 


35 


THIRD  EXERCISE  IN  SYNTHESIS. 


Words  of  two  syllables,  to  be  pronounced  as  fast  as 
the  syllables  are  formed. 

d"i 


1-a-t 
di  late 
dilate 


S-U-b  d-U 
sub  die 
subdue 

d-e  tan 
de  tain 
detain 


n-a  t-i-v 
na  live 
native 
g-a  d-i 
gau  dy 
gaudy 

Z-i-g  Z-a-g 
zig  zag 
zigzag 


m-i-1  d a-m 
mill  dam 
niilldani 

l-e-g  g-in 
leg  gin 
leggin 
g-U  g-^ 
gew  gaw 
gewgaw 


FOURTH  EXERCISE  IN  SYNTHESIS. 


c-6-m  m-o  sh-u-n 
com  mo  tion 
commotion 
iii-o  m-e-n-t  u-s 
mo  ment  ous 
momentous 


m-i-s  b-e  li-a  v 
mis  be  have 
misbehave 

i-m  p-o  I‘i-t 
im  po  lite 
impolite 


FIFTH  EXERCISE  IN  SYNTHESIS. 

e-k  s t-e-m  p-o  r-a  n-e  d-s 

e.x  tern  po  ra  ne  ous 

extern  extempo  extempora  extemporane  extemporaneous 
I'll  C'6-m  m-u  n-i  c-a  b-i-l 

in  com  mu  ni  ca  bil 

incom  incommu  incommuni  incommunica  incommunicabil 
I t-I 

ty 

incommunica bili  incommunicability. 


Will  you  spell  dilate  by  its  sounds  and  pronounce  the 
ryllables  as  fast  as  you  form  them  ? Also,  subdue^  &(% 
throw gh  all  the  exercises  on  this  page.  [If  the  leache? 
Hiink  proper  other  examples  may  be  given  from  any  book" 


36 


ANALYTICAL 


The  frequent  practice  of  spelling  words  by  their  sounds,  and  espe 
ciall}^  such  words  as  are  difficult  to  be  uttered,  will  secure  precisioc 
and  elegance  in  articulation,  and  will  contribute  much  to  the  ease 
and  fluency  of  speech. 

Articulation,  is  distinctness  of  utterance 
In  reading  or  speaking,  every  word  and  every  syliable 
should  be  distinctly  pronounced,  and  the  sound  of  everv 
letter,  which  is  not  silent  should  be  perfectly  utteim. 

EXERCISES 


IN  SENTENCES  OF  DIFFICULT  ARTICULATION 


1. 

The  gif^s  of  God 
Faulty  articulation  The  gifs  of  God 
Exercise  The  gif-t-s  of  God 

Correct  The  gifts  of  God 

II. 

For  Chris^’5  sake 

Faulty  articulation  For  Chrise  ake 
Exercise  For  Chris-t-s  sake 

Correct  For  Christ’s  sake 


Faulty 

Exercise 

Correct 


Faulty 

Exercise 

Correct 


III. 

The  novieg  skilled  hiinsell 
The  novice  killed  himself 
The  novice  s-killed  himself 
The  novice  skilled  himself 

IV. 

I study  arithmetic,  history^  astrono- 
my, and  geography. 

1 study  rithmetic,  histry,  stronomy, 
un  jography. 

I study  a-rithmetic,  his-to-ry,  ^tren- 
omy,  a-n-d  ge-ography. 

I study  arithmetic,  history,  astionomy, 
and  geography. 


What  is  articulation  ? What  is  said  about  reading  and 
speaking?  Read  example  No.  1,  and  articulate  distinctly 
the  difficult  place.  Also.  No’s  II,  III,  and  IV 


ORTlIOrrRA.PHY. 


37 


V. 

They  dropper/  like  heaven’ 5 serenest 
snow. 

They  dropt  like  heaven  sereny  snow 
They  drop-t  like  heaven-z  seren-e-s-t 
s-now. 

They  dropped  like  heaven’s  serenesi 
snow. 

VI. 

The  dej^uty  superintendent  of  schools. 
The  debety  superintendunt  of  schools 
The  dep-u-ty  super-in-tend-ent  of 
schools. 

The  deputy  superintendent  of  schools 

Exercise  upon  the  following  examples  as  upon  the 
preceding. 

He  fixed  s/akes  .9trongly. 

Got  ion  nice  set  of  matchec?  eAairs. 

Fleets  saiZ  iightly. 

When  A]diX  strives  some  rock’s  vas^  weighs  to  throw. 
The  bias/  s/ill  blew  and  the  ships  sunk. 

Up  the  Aigh  ^ill  Ae  Aeaves  a Auge  round  stcne. 

The  s/eadfas/  s/ranger  in  the  fores/s  s/rayed. 

Tho  oft  the  ear  the  open  vowels  tire. 

Read  example  V,  and  utter  the  elements  distinctly  in  all 
the  difficult  places.  In  the  same  manner  all  the  other  exam- 
ples on  this  page. 


Faulty 

Exercise 

Correct 

F aiilty 
Exercise 

Correct 


4. 


38 


analytical 


Vv^ioso  love^A  wisdom  rejoiced  A Ais  fa^Aer. 

I will  instruct  thee  and  /each  thee  in  the  way  which  /Aon 
shaZ/  ^0. 

She  au/Aori/a/iveZy  Zed  us,  an<i  rfisintereste^ZZy  Zabored 
for  us,  and  we  unhen/aZingly  admitted  her  reason/^- 
bleness. 

PZuma  joZaccd  a pewter  platter  on  a ;?ile  of  j^lates. 

Where  is  tiie  pretty  joewter  platter^  P/uma  placed  tlie  pie 
npon. 


When  a twister  a twisting 
Would  twist  him  a twist, 

To  twist  him  a twist 
He  three  twines  doth  entwist ; 

But  when  one  of  the  twines 
That  he  twisteth,  untwists, 

The  twine  that  untwisteth 
Untwisteth  the  twist. 

Amidst  the  mists 
And  coldest  frosts, 

With  baiest  wrists 
And  stoutest  boasts, 

He  thrusts  his  fists, 

Against  the  posts, 

And  still  insists 
He  sees  the  ghosts. 

I sawed  six  sleek  slim  saplings  for  sale. 

Tlieophilus  Thistle,  the  successful  thistle  sifter,  in  sifting 
a siev^e  full  of  unsifted  thistles,  thrust  three  thousand  ihistlee 
through  the  thick  of  his  thumb 


PART  SECOND. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 

UrthoD^raphy  is  that  science  which  teaches  the  nature 
and  power  of  letters,  and  correct  spelling. 

A letter  is  a character  used  to  represent  an  elementary 
sound. 

There  are  twenty-six  letters  in  the  English  language. 
A a,  B b,  C c,  D d,  E e,  F f,  G g,  H h,  I i,  J j,  K k, 
L 1,  M m,  N n,  O o,  P p.  Q.  q,  R r,  S s,  T t,  U u,  V v. 

Ww,  Xx,  Yy,  Zz. 

There  are  more  elementary  sounds  than  letters ; it  therefore  be- 
comes necessary  that  some  of  the  letters  represent  more  than  one 
sound  each.  This  is  true  with  regard  to  all  the  vowels  and  some 
of  the  consonants : Letters  also  combine  to  represent  sounds  for 
which  there  are  no  single  letters  used  as  representatives. 

The  combinations  are  th  aspirate^  th  subiwcal^  ch^  sh^ 
zh^  wh^  ng. 

As  these  combinations  represent  elementary  sounds,  and  have  in 
every  respect  the  powers  of  single  consonants,  they  may  be  classed 
with  them  and  treated  in  the  same  manner. 

CLASSES  OF  LETTERS. 

Letters  are  divided  into  vowels  and  consonants. 

First  class — vowels. 

Second  class — consonants. 

VOWELS. 

A vowel  is  a letter  which  represent  an  emission  of 
sound  without  interruption  by  the  organs  of  speech. 

The  vowels  are  six  in  number,  including  y which  is  a 
stibstitute  for  i — e,  i,  o,  y. 

What  is  orthography  ? What  does  a letter  represent  ? 
How  many  letters  are  there  ? What  are  the  combinations  ? 
How  are  letters  divided  ? W^hat  is  the  first  class  ? — Second 
class?  What  is  a vowel  ? How  many  vowels  are  there  ? 


40 


ANALYTICAL 


Each  vowel  constitutes  a genus  or  family,  and  has 
several  specific  sounds. 

‘GENERA  » 


Genus  I. 

A has  five  sounds — a,  a,  a,  a,  A. 
a long  as  in  ale. 
a short  as  in  at. 
a medial  as  in  air. 
a flat  as  in  art. 
a broad  as  in  all. 

Genus  11. 

E has  two  sounds — e,  6. 
e long  as  in  eat. 
e short  as  in  ebb. 

Genus  III. 

I has  two  sounds — i,  i. 
i long  as  in  ice,  ire. 

1 short  as  in  it,  in. 

Genus  IV. 

0 has  three  sounds — o,  6,  6. 

0 long  as  in  oak,  old. 

6 short  as  in  on,  not. 

6 slender  as  in  do,  who. 

Genus  V 

U has  three  sounds — u,  u,  h. 
u long  as  in  due,  glue, 
u short  as  in  up,  us. 
h medial  as  in  puli,  bush. 

What  does  each  vowel  constitute  ? How  many  sounds 
has  a?  Give  their  names  and  make  their  sound.  How 
many  sounds  has  e ? Give  their  names  and  make  their 
sounds. — How  m*any  sounds  has  i ? Give  their  names  and 
maKC  their  sounds.  How  many  sounds  has  o ? Give  theii 
names  and  make  their  sounds.  How  many  sounas  has  u ? 
Give  their  names  and  make  their  sounds.  Now  make  all 
the  vowel  sounds  in  concert. 


* The  T)luraJ  number  of  genus  »s  gen"-e-ra. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


41 


Y has  two  sounds,  but  they  are  the  same  as  the  two 
sounds  of  i 

Y is  a consonant  when  a vowel  follows  it  in  the  same  syllable,  as 
in  ye,  you,  young.  In  other  situations  it  is  a,  vowel. 

* W,  when  a vowel,  has  the  power  of  u,  but  is  generally  a conso- 
nant, as  in  loine,  twine,  wayward. 

Tel]  which  letters  are  vowels  in  the  following  words; 

Examples. — Make^  fear^  interest^  compliment  duty. 

CONSONANTS 

t A consonant  is  a letter  which  generally  represents  an 
interruption  of  sound  or  breath,  by  the  organs  of  speech. 

The  term  consonant,  literally  means  sounding  with;  because  the^e 
letters  are  never  used  in  words,  without  having  a vowel  connected 
with  them  in  the  same  syllable  ; although  their  sounds  are  c apable 
of  being  uttered  separately  and  without  the  aid  of  a vowel. 

The  consonants  are  of  two  kinds — single  letters  and 
combinations. 

The  following  is  a list  of  them — c,  d.,  f,  g,  h.j.,  L 

n,  p^  r,  5,  w,  2;,  y,  z ; th  aspirate.,  Ik  subvocal, 
ch.,  sh,  zh,  wh.,  ng. 

Tell  which  letters  are  consonants  in  the  following 
words : 

Which  letters  are  vowels  in  makel—fear  1 — interest  1 — 
compliment  1 — dutyl  What  is  a consonant?  Of  how  rnanj’ 
kinds  are  consonants?  Repeat  the  list.  [It  will  be  observed 
that  all  the  letters  are  consonants  except  five  vowels — a,  t 
i,  0,  w.] 

* It  may  he  justly  questioned,  whether  w,  is  ever  a vowel.  It  cei  tainly 
Sacks  one  of  the  essential  properties  of  a vowel,  that  is,  of  forming  a 
cyllable  either  alone  or  in  connection  with  consonants ; which  all  the 
jther  vowels  will  do.  In  the  words  new,  pewter,  iewey,  whether  it  ie 
e or  w,  which  represents  the  sound  of  u,  it  is  difficult  to  determine,  By 
aking  away  w,  the  sound  is  entirely  changed ; but  by  taking  away  e,  nc 
word  can  be  formed.  If  it  require  e and  w both  to  make  up  the  sound, 
D,  can  at  most  be  but  a part  of  a vowel  which  brings  it  down  nearly  tc 
Its  consonant  properties,  namely— semivowel,  subvocal  &c.  Therefore 
,t  is  with  propriety  that  the  vowel  properties  of  this  letter  are  doubted. 

t The  consonant  h,  is  an  exception  to  this  definition ; in  articula- 
ting it,  there  is  no  interruption  by  the  organs  of  speech,  but  it  ma^ 
be  considered  defective — wanting  some  of  the  consonant  properties  ; 
and  w,  r,  and  y,  are  less  close  than  some  other  of  the  consonant.'^ ; 
vet,  there  is  a partial  interruption. 

4* 


42 


ANALYTICAL 


Examples. — Bland ^ civil  deputy^  fashion^  B^dg^. 
kingly^  question^  rational^  suicide^  vjickedly^  txamfle.^ 
zebu  think^  which. 


EXERCISES  IN  ANALYSIS 


In  the  word  had.  is  6,  a vowel  or  consonant  1 Is  a,  a vowel 
or  consonant  ? Is  c/,  a vowel  or  consonant  ? \V  rite  it  in  the 
following  manner  on  a black  board,  slate,  or  piece  of  paper 
[ b — consonant. 

Bad.  ^ a — vowel. 

t d — consonant. 

After  the  scholar  has  written  it  down,  he  should  be  required  to 
read  it,  giving  the  definitions  of  the  vowels  and  consonants,  as  he 
proceeds ; or,  perhaps  the  teacher  would  prefer  to  write  it  down 
fiiriiself,  and  then  require  the  scholar  to  read  it. 

In  the  word  cage,  is  c,  a vowel  or  consonant?  Is  a,  a 
vowel  or  consonant  ? Is  g,  a vowel  or  consonant  1 Is  e,  a 
vowel  or  ©onsonant ! 

Write  it  down  thus — 


c — consonant 
a — vowel. 

K — consonant. 


' g — conson 
b e — vowel. 


Read  this  analysis,  giving  the  definitions  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding word. 

Analyze  in  the  same  manner  the  word  harvests  thus — 

( h — consonant. 


a — vowel. 

I r — consonant. 
Harvest.  ^ v — consonant 
e — vowel. 


s — consonant 
l — consonant. 


Which  letters  are  consonants  in  the  examples,  hlarul  civU^ 
4-c.  ? [The  teacher  can  ask  the  questions  that  occur  in  tlie 
text.] 


ORTHOGRArHY. 


43 


Questions  may  be  asked  on  tlie  word  fantastical, 

( f— consonant. 

I a — vowel. 

I n — consonant 
j t*—con6oiiaiu, 

[ a — vowel. 

Fantastical.  s — consonant. 

t — consonant. 

1 — vowel, 
c — consonant, 
a — vowel. 

^ 1 — consonant. 


Also,  the  word  changing. 


Changing.^ 


ch — consonant, 
a — vowel, 
n — consonant, 
g — consonant, 
i — vowel, 
ng — consonant. 


Note. — The  combinations  are  treated  like  single  consonants,  be- 
3ause  each  represents  an  elementary  sound. 

The  teacher  will  require  his  pupils  to  analyze  as  many  of  the  fob 
lowing  words  as  he  shall  think  proper — gavie,  jump^  which^  quench^ 
tvm’skip,  exchang'e^  Yorker ^ zenith^  tkcocracy. 

The  consonants  may  be  divided  into  mutes  and  semi- 
vowels. 


For  the  sake  of  convenience  we  call  this  division  into  mutes  and 
Bemivowcls,  the  two  orders. 


ORDERS  OF  THE  CONSONANTS. 

The  principle  upon  which  this  division  is  made,  is,  that  the  organs 
of  speech  are  more  closely  united  in  pronouncing  the  mutes  than 
the  semivowels. 

A mute  or  close  consonant  admits  of  no  escape  of 
breath,  xchile  the  organs  are  in  contact. 


How  may  the  consonants  be  divided What  is  a mute  ? 


44 


ANALYTICAL 


A semivowel  or  loose  consonant  does  admit  of’  an  escape 
of  bieath,  while  the  organs  are  in  contact^  or  nearly  so. 

The  mutes  are  and  g hard ; k,  and  c hard. 

The  semivowels  are  c soft.,  /,  A,  and  g soft ; Z,  m 
'1,  r,  -y,  a:,  3/,  z ; also,  all  the  combinations — th  aspi 

rate.^  th  subvocal.^  ch.^  sh^  zh.^  wh.,  and  ng. 

Four  of  the  semivowels  are  called  liquids,  because  they  have  & 
flcwinff  sound ; because  their  sound  smoothly  unites  with  other  con 
sonants  in  the  same  syllable ; they  are  /,  m,  r. 

Two  of  the  semivowels  m and  ?i,  and  one  of  the  cc  mbinations  ng, 
are  called  nasals. 

Some  letters  are  also  called  sibilants,  or  hissing  letters ; such  as  s 
and  2r. 

The  properties  called  nasal,  liquid,  and  sibilant,  are  not  essential, 
and  are,  therefore,  omitted  in  analyzing  words. 

Point  out  the  mutes  and  semivowels  in  the  following  words : 

Examples. — Student.^  patent.,  splendid.,  bucket^  famuh 
EXEKCISES  IN  ANALYSIS. 

In  the  word  hand.,  is  6,  a vowel  or  consonant?  Mute  01 
semivowel?  Is  a,  a vowel  or  consonant?  What  sound  has 
it?  Is  n,  a vowel  or  consonant?  Mute  or  semivowel  ? Is 
d,  a vowel,  or  consonant?  Mute  or  semivowel?  Write  it 
on  a black  board,  slate,  or  paper,  thus — 
r b — consonant — mute. 

„ , 1 a — vowel — short  sound. 

Band.  < , . . 

\ n — consonant — semivowel. 

d — consonant — mute. 

The  scholar  should  read  it,  giving  the  definitions  of  the  7mites  and 
semivowels  as  he  proceeds : and  then  the  class  can  read  it  in  concert, 
in  a natural,  speaking  voice — slowly  the  first  time. 

In  the  word  concentratwe,  is  c,  a vowel  or  consonant? 
Mute  or  semivowel  ? Is  0,  a vowel  or  consonant  ? What 
sound  has  it?  Is  n,  a vowel  or  consonant?  Mute  or  semi- 

What  is  a semivowel  1 Repeat  the  list  of  mutes.  Repeat 
the  list  of  semivowels.  What  letters  are  mutes  in  the  word 
student?  What  letters  are  semivowels  in  the  same  word? 
What  letters  are  mutes  in  the  word  patent.,  &c.  ? [The 
teacher  can  then  ask  the  questions  that  occur  in  the  texf 
under  Exercises  in  Analysis. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


45 


vowel  ?“-[and  so  on  through  all  the  letters  in  llie  word.]— - 
Write  down  the  analysis  and  read  it  as  in  the  word  bwiidL 
above,  giving  the  definition  of  mutes  and  semivowels. 


' c — consonant — mute.* 
o — vowel — short  sound, 
n — consonant — semivowel 
c — consonant — semivowel, 
e — vowel — short  sound, 
n — consonant — semivowel. 


Concentrative.  <{  t — consonant — mute. 


r — consonant — sem  i vowel, 
a — vowel — long  sound, 
t — consonant — mute. 

1 — vowel — short  sound. 

V — consonant — semivowel. 
, e — vowel — silent. 


I’reat  as  many  of  the  following  examples  as  may  be 
thought  proper,  in  the  same  manner — game^  jump^  which^ 
quench^  worship^  exchange^  Cazenovia^  theocracy^  embez- 
zlement^ antediluvian^  ^c. 

ORGANIC AL  DIVISION  OF  THE  CONSONANTS. 

Organical  means  pertaining  to  the  organs. 

The  principal  organs  of  speech  are  the  lips,  teeth 
longue,  and  palate. 

The  consonants  are  all  results  of  the  muscular  action  of  the  organe 
of  speech,  in  connection  with  the  sub  vocal  and  the  breath. 


If  we  include  the  combinations  and  exclude  redundant  letters,  we 
shall  have  seven  consonants,  produced  by  the  action  of  the  lips^  six 
through  the  teeih^  eight  mostly  by  the  tongue^  and  three  by  the 
tongue  against  the  back  part  of  the  palate.  They  are  thus  thrown 
into  generic  groups.  This  division  is  of  great  importance,  as  the 
subject  of  articulation  depends  mostly  upon  the  accurate  formation 
of  the  consonant  sounds  by  the  organs  of  speech. 

What  does  organical  mean  ? Which  are  the  principal 
organs  of  speech  ? 

• C hard^  is  a mute,  but  c soft,  is  a semivowel. 


ANALYTICAL 


46 


GENERA.  OF  THE  CONSONANTS. 

The  consonants  may  be  divided  into  four  gen  e-ra  or 
families ; namely — 

Labials^  dentals^  linguals^  and  palatals. 

The  labials  or  lip  letters,  are  made  by  the  lips. 

'^rhe  dentals  or  teeth  letters,  are  made  through  the  teeth. 

I’he  linguals  or  tongue  letters,  are  made  by  the  tongue. 

The  palatals  or  paiate  letters,  are  made  by  the  palate. 

Genus  1,  labials;  ^, /,*  w,  p^  v*  and  wh. 

Genus  2,  dentals ; j,  5,  z,  cA,  5A,  zh^  and  c,t  and  g soft 

Genus  3,  linguals ; c?,  /,  yi,  r,  th  aspirate,  and  th 
sub  vocal. 

Genus  4,  palatals ; x,  ng.,  c,  and  g hard. 

The  letter  h is  defective  in  its  organical  construction,  not  being 
struck  by  any  of  the  organs  of  speech ; it  is,  therefore,  not  included 
in  this  division. 

First,  select  the  labials  in  the  following  examples  ; then 
the  dentals ; and  the  linguals ; and  finally  the  palatals. 

Examples. — Book,  paper.^  snow.^  illustrate.^  keepsake, 
o^mazement. 

EXERCISES  IN  ANALYSIS. 

In  the  word  man^  is  m,  a vowel  or  consonant  I Mute  or  semi- 
vowel I What  is  its  organical  name  I How  is  a labial  made  I Is 
a vowel  or  consonant  I What  sound  I Is  7i,  a vowel  or  consonant  1 
Mule  or  semivowel  I What  is  its  organical  name  7 How  is  a lin- 
gual made  7 W'rite  it  down  on  a black  board  or  slate,  thus— 

^ m — consonant,  semivowel,  labial. 

Man,  a — vowel,  short  sound. 

( n — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual. 

Into  how  many  genera  or  families  may  the  consonants  be 
divided?  What  are  they?  How  are  the  labials  made?  How 
are  the  dentals  made  ? How  are  the  linguals  made  ? How 
are  the  palatals  made  ? Repeat  the  list  of  labials,  of  den- 
tals, of  linguals,  of  palatals. 

* In  making  the  sounds  of  / and  v,  the  lips  are  assisted  by  the 
teeth ; but  the  lips  have  the  most  action.* — Wherefore  in  describing 
them  minutely  they  may  be  called  labio-dentals. 

t Redundant  letters  are  inserted  in  the  lists. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


47 


The  scholars  may  then  read  this  analysis  in  concert 
several  times,  but  slowly  at  first. 


Ask  questions  upon  the  word  introductory. 


f i — vowel,  short  sound. 

I n — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual, 
I t — consonant,  mute,  lingua*. 

r — consonaiit,  semivowel,  lingual. 

' o — vowel,  long  sound. 


Introductory.  < 


d — consonant,  mute,  lingual. 

u — vowel,  short  sound. 

c — consonant,  mute,  palatal. 

t — consonant,  mute,  lingual. 

o — vowel,  long  sound. 

r — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual. 

y — vowel,  substitute  for  t,  short  souna. 


Examples  for  analysis. — Pm,  tan,  step^  hrisk^  sthr 
dent^  tempest^  vindicate,^  decorate,^  procrastinate^  prepar- 
atory. 

There  is  another  natural  division  of  the  consonants — that  is,  ir»lo 
svhvocah  and  aspirates.  Walker  calls  these  properties  wad  sharpy 
hut  these  terms  are  not  expressive.  Comstock  names  them  sub- 
vowels and  aspirates ; but  most  modern  writers  [)refer  the  terms 
subvocal^  and  aspirate.  This  division  is  of  great  importance  to  a 
correct  idea  of  the  nature  of  letters. 

SUBVOCALS  AND  ASPIRATES 

The  consonants  are  naturally  divided  into  sub  vocals 
and  aspirates. 

The  subvocals  are  those  consonants  which  produ^b  an 
under  tone  of  voice  when  their  sounds  are  uttered. 

The  as}uiates  are  mere  whispers  made  by  the  organs 
of  speech  and  breath. 


How  are  the  consonants  naturally  divided  ^ What  are 
the  suhvocalb  ? Wliat  are  aspirates  ? 


18 


analyticai. 


The  subvocals  are  d.  g hard  ; j and  g soft ; I, 
r,  w,  y,  z,  JA,  zh,  ng. 

The  aspirates  are  c,  /,  s,  x,  th^  ch^ 

and  wh. 

The  aspirates  (except  fC)  are  all  cognates  of  some  of  the  suhvocale 

Cognate  letters  are  such  as  are  produced  by  the  same  organs  of 
speecn  in  a similar  position. 

The  cognate  letters  may  be  thus  arranged : 


Cognates. 


Subvocals- 
Aspirates  - 


Labials. 

-b,  V,  w, 

-p,  f,  wli, 


Dentals. 

z,  zli,  j, 

S,  sll,  cil- 


Lingnals. 

d,  til, 
t,  th.. 


PalaA/us 

S- 

u. 


C soft,  is  equivalent  to  5,  g soft  to  j,  and  c hard  and  q,  to  k. 


Tell  which  are  sub  vocals  and  which  are  aspirates  in 
the  following  examples. 

Examples. — Bag^  since.^  hlame.^  pit,  but,  winter.,  sum- 
mer.^  cash,  sing,  hat,  chance,  syllable. 


EXERCISES  IN  ANALYSIS. 

In  tlie  word  hat,  is  h,  a vowel  or  consonant  ? Mute  or 
aemivowel?  What  is  its  organical  name?  Subvocal  or 
aspirate  ? What  is  a subvocal  1 | Ans.  An  under  tone.  | 

Is  a,  a vowel  or  consonant?  What  sound  has  it?  Is  t,  a 
vowel  or  consonant  ? Mute  or  semivowel  ? What  is  its 
organical  name?  Subvocal  or  aspirate?  What  is  an  aspi- 
rate ? [Ans.  A mere  whisper.]  Write  it  down,  thus — 

r b — consonant,  mute,  labial,  subvocal. 

Bat.  ^ a — vowel,  short  sound. 

(^t — consonant,  mute,  lingual,  aspirate. 

This  may  be  read  in  concert. 

Ask  similar  questions  upon  the  word  blessing. 


Give  the  list  of  subvocals.  Give  the  list  of  aspirates 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


4y 


^ b— consonant,  mute,  labial,  subvoca« 

1 — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal, 
e — vowel,  short  sound. 

Til  i ® — consonant,  semivowel,  dental,  aspirate. 

s — consonant,  semivowel,  dental,  aspirate, 
i — vowel,  short  sound. 

^ng — consonant,  semivowel,  palatal,  eubvocal. 
Say  this  in  concert,  deliberately^ 


Interruptedly. 


i — vowel,  short  sound, 
n — cons.,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal, 
t — cons.,  mute,  lingual,  aspirate, 
e — vowel,  short  sound, 
r — cons.,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal, 
r — cons.,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal. 

, u — vowel,  short  sound, 
p — consonant,  mute,  labial,  aspirate, 
t — consonant,  mute,  lingual,  aspirate, 
e — vowel,  short  sound, 
d — consonant,  mute,  lingual,  subvocal. 
I — cons.,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal. 

^ V — vowel,  substitute  for  i,  short  sound. 


Examples  for  analysis. — Fragment^  grand^  large 
bench^  pencil^  fancy ^ hero^  lately  rebus^  shady ^ spicy ^ story ^ 
stupid^  topaz j amaze^  unkind^  admiz^  attend^  hotels  in- 
fest^ misprint^  liberate^  venerate^  desolate^  emulate^  stim- 
ulate^ stipulate^  animate^  meditate^  imitate^  manuaL 
liberal^  mineral^  lateral^  several^  animal^  temporal^  ad- 
miral^ interval^  impudent^  prevalent^  indolent^  testammU 
instrument^  banishment^  punishment^  impotent^  penitent^ 
latitude^  plenitude^  altitude^  multitude^  aptitude^  abschie 
destitute^  institute^  substitute. 


50 


ANALYTICAL 


A COMPENDIOUS  TABLE 

EXHIBITING  THE  PROPERTIES  OF  ALL  THE  CONSONANTS 
AT  ONE  VIEW. 


*> IS  a consonant,  mute,  labial,  subvocal. 

is  a consonant,  mute,  lingual,  subvocal. 

f ....  is  a consonant,  semivowel,  labial,  aspirate. 

^ hard  is  a consonant,  mute,  palatal,  sub  vocal. 

ii is  a consonant,  semivowel, aspirate. 

i IS  a consonant,  semivowel,  dental,  subvocal. 

fe  c hard  f (/,  consonant,  mute,  palatal,  aspirate. 

fi is  a consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  sub  vocal. 

Ml is  a consonant,  semivowel,  labial,  subvocal. 

II  is  a consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvoca.. 

p is  a consonant,  mute,  labial,  aspirate. 

I* is  a consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal. 

n c soft^  consonant,  semivowel,  dental,  aspirate. 

t is  a consonant,  mute,  lingual,  aspirate. 

is  a consonant,  semivowel,  labial,  subvocal. 

w is  a consonant,  semivowel,  labial,  subvocal. 

y is  a consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal. 

* is  a consonant,  semivowel,  dental,  subvocal. 

III  is  a consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  aspirate. 

th is  a consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal. 

ell is  a consonant,  semivowel,  dental,  aspirate. 

sli is  a consonant,  semivowel,  dental,  aspirate. 

*ll  . ...  IS  a consonant,  semivowel,  dental,  subvocal. 

wll is  a consonant,  semivowel,  labia.,  aspirate. 

ng is  a consonant,  semivowel,  palatal,  subvocal. 

Note. — The  above  table  can  be  repeated  in  concert.  It  should’be 


committed  to  memory,  for  it  will  be  observed  in  analyzing  words, 
that  the  same  properties  are  always  applied  to  the  same  letter,  in 
whatever  word  it  may  be  found ; except  silent  and  substituted  let- 
teia,  which  will  be  treated  of  hereafter. 


ORTHOGRAPm. 


51 


DIPHTHONGS,  DIGRAPHS,  AND  TRIPHTHONGS. 


A Diphthong  consists  of  two  vowels  sounded  in  the 
same  syllable. 

There  are  four  diphthongs : ou^  oio^  oi^  oy. 

But  there  are  only  two  diphthongal  sounds . 

1.  on  and  ow ; as  in  our,  now 

2.  oi  and  oy  ; as  in  oil,  hoy. 

Ou  and  ow  are  called  inseyarahle  diphthongs,  because 
their  sounds  can  not  be  separated  into  two  distinct  vowel 
sounds. 

Oi  and  oy  are  called  separable  diphthongs,  because  their 
sounds  can  be  separated  into  the  sound  of  broad  d and 
short  i. 


Tell  which  are  separable  and  which  inseparable  diph- 
thongs in  the  following  examples  ; boil.^  hoy,  cloud,  brow^ 
toy,  how,  coin,  found,  vow,  voice,  cow,  loiter,  loyal,  bounty) 
bower,  foible,  oyster,  coward^  poison,  shower,  fountain, 
avoid,  allow,  renounce,  renown. 

A Digraph  or  improper  diphthong  is  the  union  of  two 
vowels  in  a syllable,  one  of  which  is  silent;  as  oa  in 
loaf,  ee  in  tree. 


The  following  is  a list  of  the  digraphs : 

aa  Canaan  ay  say  ew  jewel  oo  moon 

ae  diaeresis  ea  clean  ey  they  ou  four 

ai  aim  ee  seed  ie  friend  ow  blow 

ao  gaol  ei  ceiling  oa  coat  uo.  guard 

au  taught  eo  people  oe  foe  ue  due 

aw  law  eu  feud  oi  avoirdupoise  ui  guise 

uy  buy 

Note  1.  When  i is  preceded  by  the  accent  in  the  termination  of 
such  words  as  valient^  alien^  c7Mion,  it  does  not  form  a diphthong  oi 
digraph  with  the  following  vowel,  but  is  a consonent  having  the 
properties  of  y. 


Of  what  does  a diphthong  consist?  How  many  diph- 
thongs are  there?  Will  you  repeat  the  list?  But  how 
many  diphthongal  sounds  are  there  ? What  are  mi  and  ow 
called?  Why]  What  are  oi  and  oy  called?  Why?  Does  boi/ 
contain  a separable  or  inseparable  diphthong  ? Boy?  1 


52 


ANALYTICAL 


Note  2.  In  the  unaccented  terminations  cial^  sion,  tion  in  sucti 
words  as  special^  confession^  creation^  i does  not  form  a diphthong 
with  the  following  vowel,  but  is  a consonant  and  readily  coalescec 
with  the  preceding  consonant,  thus  producing  the  sound  of  s^. 

Note  3.  /is  also  a consonant  in  elysian^  brasier^  glazier  ^ occasion^ 
ind  has  in  connection  with  the  preceding  consonant  the  sound  ol 
zh^  It  is  also  a consonant  in  fustian,  bastion,  question,  where  in 
connec\ion  with  t preceding  it  takes  the  sound  of  ch  in  chip. 

Note  4.  17  in  such  words  as  question,  quart,  quantity,  language^ 
suavity,  does  not  constitute  a diphthong  or  digraph  with  the  follow- 
Qjg  vowel,  but  is  a consonant  having  the  powers  of  w. 

Point  out  the  digraphs  in  the  following  words,  and  tell 
which  vowel  is  silent,  and  what  sound  the  other  vowel 
has:  aid^  beef field.,  jlow.^  beaten.,  boarder,  clearly,  cocoa, 
deacon,  caught,  delay,  forswear,  hearken,  leopard,  yeoman, 
feudal,  survey,  die.,  thief  roach,  broad,  canoe,  tortoise, floor, 
flourish,  guarantee,  league,  guide,  juice,  buy,  neighbor. 

A Triphthong  is  the  union  of  three  vowels  in  a syl- 
lable, two  of  which  aie  generally  silent;  as  ieu  in  lieu, 
eau  in  beau. 

Note  1.  In  tb.e  termination  ious  in  such  words  as  precious.,  loqua- 
cious, officious,  i does  not  form  a triphthong  with  the  following 
vowels,  but  is  a consonant,  coalescing  with  the  preceding  conbonant 
and  producing  the  sound  of  sh.  A distinguished  writer  says  there 
are  twm  hundred  and  forty-five  words  terminating  in  ious,  and 
nearly  two  hundred  derivations  from  them. 

Note  2.  In  the  constructions  uai,  uaio,  uay,  uea,  ue:,  and  uoi,  in 
quail,  squavy,  Paraguay,  squeal,  queen,  quoit,  u does  not  form  a triph- 
thong with  the  following  vowels,  but  is  a consonant,  having  the 
properties  of  lo. 

Point  out  the  triphthongs  in  the  following  examples, 
and  tell  which  vowels  are  silent,  and  what  sounds  the 
other  vowels  have  bureau,  adieu,  awe,  beau,  fiainbeau, 
vieto^  aye,  beauty,  portmanteau,  review,  lieu,  gorgeous, 
out  ageous,  eye,  purlieu. 

Does  aid  contain  a digraph?  What  letters  compose  it? 
Which  is  silent?  What  sound  has  the  other  vowel?  [So 
with  as  many  as  are  necessary.]  What  is  a triphthong  ?■  - 
[The  teacher  can  ask  the  questions  as  usual,  upon  the  an- 
alysis of  the  word  bounty.  When  ou  presents  itself,  the 
questions  may  be  asked  in  the  following  manner:]  What 
is  (YU  called  ? What  kind  ? 


ORTHUGRAPH\ . 


53 


EXERCISES  IN  ANALYSIS. 

To  be  read  in  concert. 

I b — consonant,  mute,  labial,  subvocal, 
j ou — diphthong,  inseparable. 

Bounty,  { n — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  sub  vocal, 
j t — consonant,  mute,  lingual,  aspirate, 
ly — vowel,  short  sound. 

f j — consonant,  semivowel,  dental,  subvocal. 

I oy — diphthong,  separable  into  the  sounds  of 
I P J J broad  a and  short  L 
^ I r~consonant,  semivowel,  labial,  aspirate. 

I u — vowel,  medial  sound. 

1 1 — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvoeal. 


Renown. 


" r — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal, 
e — vowel,  short  sound, 
n — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocai 
ow — diphthong,  inseparable. 

. n — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocal. 


Employ. 


( e — vowel,  short  sound, 
j m — consonant,  semivowel,  labial,  subvocai. 
j p — consonant,  mute,  labial,  aspirate. 

1 — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocai. 
oy — diphthong,  separable  into  the  sounds  of 
^ broad  a and  short  i. 


" c — consonant,  mute,  palatal,  aspirate. 

0 —  vowel,  short  sound. 

m — consonant,  semivowel,  labial,  suhvocftl. 
Complain.  p — consonant,  semivowel,  labial,  aspirate. 

1 —  consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocai. 
ai — digraph,  i silent,  a long. 

^n — consonant,  semivowel,  lingual,  subvocai. 


[In  analyzing  the  word  joyful^  ask  the  question  thus  :7  — 
Wliat  is  cm  called?  What  kind?  Into  what  sounds? 

5* 


54 


analytical 


t a—  vovrelj  long  C50und. 

Adieu.  } d — consonant,  mute,  lingual,  subvocaL 

( ieu — triphthong,  i and  e silent,  u long  sound 

Beau  \ ^ — consonant,  mute,  labial,  subvocaL 
i eau — triphthong,  substitute*  for  o long. 

Awe — triphthong  w and  e silent,  a broad  sound. 

Examples  for  analysis. — Bounty^  employ^  noun^  spoui^ 
boil^  clay^  hriejiy^  beauty^  ceaseless^  oily^  prairie^  naughty^ 
^wful^  shower^  booty ^ gorgeous^  ointment^  boyish^  reproach^ 
^uitaTj  re/view. 

SYLLABLES. 

A syllable  is  a distinct  sound,  and  is  either  the  whole 
or  a component  part  of  a word  ; as  peuy  Pen-te-cost. 

A monosyllable  is  a word  of  one  syllable ; as,  pen. 

A dissyllable  is  a word  of  two  syllables ; as  pen-cil. 

A trisyllable  is  a word  of  three  syllables;  as,  pen- 
ciMing. 

A polysyllable  is  a word  of  four  or  more  syllables , 
as,  pen-e-tra-tion,  in-com-mu-ni-ca-bihi-ty. 

Examples. — Tell  the  number  of  syllables  in  the  fol 
lowing  words:  bond,  paper ^ publisher^  commendation^ 
unconformabhy  sadly^  congregate^  booky  grammar^  or^ 
thographijy  orthoepy,  aerial. 

The  last  syllable  of  a word  is  called  the  ultimate  syllable.  The  Iasi 
but  one  is  called  the  penultimate  s-y liable,  or  the  penuit.  The  last  but 
two  is  called  the  antepenultimate  syllable,  or  antepenult.  The  last 
but  three  is  called  the  preantepenultimate  syllable,  or  preantepenult. 


"What  is  a syllable  ? What  is  a monosyllable  ? What  is 
a dissyllable  ? What  is  a trisyllable  ? What  is  a polysyl- 
lable ? How  many  syllables  in  oudy  paper^  pnhlisheVy  &c. 


See  pagre  Gl. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


56 


PRINCIPLES  OF  SYLLABICATION. 

1.  A vowel  is  essential  to  every  syllable. 

Note. — There  are  sometimes  two  or  three  vowels  in  the  same 
syllable,  only  one  of  which  is  sounded,  except  in  the  diphthongs. 

2.  The  principal  sound  in  every  syllable  is  produce! 
by  the  vowel.* 

3.  Every  consonant  in  a word  belongs  to  some  vowel 
or  diphthong,  unless  it  is  silent. 

4.  A consonant  is  antecedent  to  its  vowel  when  it  goes  be- 
fore it  in  the  same  syllable ; asy?,  r,  and  v in  the  word  fre 
veni. 

5.  A consonant  is  consequent  to  its  vowel  when  it  comes 
ifter  it  in  the  same  syllable ; as  n and  t in  the  word  pre-vent. 

6.  A consonant  antecedent  to  its  vowel,  closes  its  appro- 
priate organs  before  the  vowel  sound  is  uttered  ; as  in  the 
syllable  be^  b closes  the  lips  before  the  sound  of  e is  uttered. 

7.  A consonant  consequent  to  its  vowel,  closes  its  appro- 
priate organs  after  the  vowel  sound  is  uttered ; as  in  the 
syllable  ew,  m closes  the  lips  after  the  short  sound  of  e is 
uttered. 

8.  Words  always  have  as  many  syllables  as  they  con- 
tain vowels  or  diphthongs  that  are  sounded. 

9.  The  letters  in  a word  must  be  arranged  into  sylla- 
bles exactly  as  they  are  heard  in  correct  pronunciation  ; 
as,  pa-per^  or-thog-ra-phy. 


What  is  essential  to  every  syllable  ? By  what  is  the  prin  - 
cipal  sound  in  every  syllable  prod  iced  ? To  what  does  every 
consonant  belong?  When  is  a consonant  antecedent  to  a 
vowel?  When  consequent  to  it?  What  of  a consonant 
antecedent  to  its  vowel  ? What  of  a consonant  consequent 
to  its  vowel  1 How  many  syllables  do  words  have  ? How 
must  the  letters  of  a word  be  arranged  into  syllables  ? 


* In  a few  unaccented  syllables,  sue!  as  the  last  syllable  in  cable 
and  in  centre^  the  vowel  is  less  distinct  than  the  consonant  sounds 
but  thsse  are  only  exceptions  to  the  principle. 


56 


ANALYTICAL 


1 0.  Derivative  words  are  generally  divii  ed  between 
the  primitive  parts  and  terminations;  as,  ho'pt-leh%. 

1 1.  Compound  words  should  be  divided  into  the  simple 
words  which  compose  them  ; rs  fire-place. 

12.  At  the  end  of  a line  a word  may  be  separated  by 
its  syllables  ; but  a syllable  should  never  be  broken. 

The  student  may  exercise  his  taste  in  dividing  the  following  words 
tiito  syllables. 

Examples. — Farmer bookcase.^  opportunity.^  delicate^ 
injury.^  spellings  company.^  cornice.^  pedigree.^  aerial,  la- 
boriouSj  zoology.^  'notwithstanding.^  extemporaneous  unsea- 
worthy.^  preantepenultimate. 

In  the  word  /arme?",  what  vowel  does  f belong  to?  Is  it 
antecedent  or  consequent  to  its  vowel  al  To  what  vowel 
does  r belong  ? Antecedent  or  consequent?  To  what  vowel 
does  m belong  ? Antecedent  or  consequent  ? To  what  vowel 
does  r belong?  Antecedent  or  consequent]  [Take  ae 
many  words  in  the  same  manner  as  you  please.] 


ABBREVIATICyNS 


cons,  consonant 
semi,  semivowel 
mt.  mute 
lab.  labial 
den.  dental 
subs,  substitute 
digr.  digraph 


lin.  lingual 
pal.  palatal 
sbv.  subvocal 
aspr.  aspirate 
vow.  vowel 
diph.  diphthong 
trip,  triphthong 


S.  e I 6 u y — A curve  downward.^  called  also  a shorty 
placed  over  the  vowels  indicates  that  the 
vowels  have  a short  sound. 


How  are  derivative  words  divided  in  syllabication?  How 
compound  words  ? How  may  a word  be  separated  at  the 
end  of  a line?  Pronounce  the  following  words  very  dis- 
tinctly, stopping  long  enough  between  each  syllable  to  conn; 
one . fanner^  bookcase.,  opportunity,  &.c. 


ORTHOGRAniY. 


57 


^~A  'perpendicular  mark  over  a shows  that  it  has  a 
medial  sound,  as  in  wear. 

ii — Two  dots  over  a shows  that  it  has  the  flat  sound,  as 
in  far. 

k — A curve  upward.^  called  also  a circumflex^  shows  that 
a has  the  broad  sound,  as  in  war. 
o — Two  dots  over  o shows  that  it  has  the  slender  sound, 
as  in  move. 

Cl — A curve  upvmrd.^  or  circumflex  over  7^,  shows  that  it 
has  the  medial  sound,  as  in  pull. 
th — A line  under  th  shows  that  it  has  the  subvoca)  sound. 

EXERCISES  IN  ANALYSIS 
IMiich  the  pupils  are  required  to  write  out  in  full^  and 
to  be  repeated  in  concert. 

RIerit,  Dissyllable. 

m — cons.,  semi.,  lab.,  subvocal,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  c. 
e — vowel,  short  sound.  E 3.* 

r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  subvocal,  consequent  to  its  vowel  e. 
i — vowel,  short  sound.  I 3. 

t — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  aepr.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  i. 
Fretful,  Dissyllable. 

f — cons.,  semi.,  lab.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  e. 
r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  e. 
e — vowel,  short  sound. 

t — cons.,  mt.  ling.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  e. 
f — cons.,  semi.,  lab.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  u 
u — vowel,  medial  sound. 

1 — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  u. 

Examples — Compel,  ratan,  result,  regret,  transmit, 
construct,  spendthrift,  relative,  substantive,  remedy. 

We  will  now  resume  the  subject  of  synthesis  by  sounds,  in  connectmr 
with  analysis.  This  will  enable  the  pupil  not  only  to  acquire  the  exact 
elementary  sounds  of  words,  but  to  become  proficient  in  syllabication. 


* The  letter  and  figure  refer  to  the  Principles  of  Pronunciation,  commencing 
on  page  81. 


58 


analytical 


ANALYSIS 


Dissyllable. 

z — cons.,  semi.,  den.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  i, 

i — vowel,  short  sound.  I 3. 

g—cons.,  mt.,  pal,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  i. 

z — cons.,  sem.,  den.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  a 

a — vowel,  short  sound.  A 4. 

g — cons  , mt.,  pal.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  a. 

SYNTHESIS 

z ig  z ag 
zig  zag 

zigzag. 


ANALYSIS. 


Bodkin,  Dissyllable. 

b — cons.,  mt,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  o, 

0 —  vowel,  short  sound.  O 3. 

d — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  a 
k — cons.,  mt,  pal.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  L 

1 —  vowel,  short  sound.  I 3. 

n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  ic  its  vowel  t, 
SYNTHESIS. 

b 6 d kin 
bod  kin 

Bodkin 


orthography- 


59 


ANALYSIS. 

Democracy^  Polysyllable. 

d — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel 
e — vowel,  long  sound.  E 1. 

m — cons.,  sem.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  o. 
o — vowel,  short  sound.  O 3. 
c — cons.,  mt.,  pal.,  aspr.  consequent  to  its  vowel  o. 
r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  a, 
a — vowel,  long  sound.  A 1. 

c — cons.,  semi.,  den.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  y. 
y — vowel,  substitute  for  i,  short  sound.  Y 3. 


SYNTHESIS. 

de  mok  ra  ci 
de  moc  ra  cy 
democ  democra 

l>emocracy 

ANALYSIS. 

^^tirine.  Monosyllable. 

sh — cons.,  semi.,  den.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  i. 
r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  i, 
i — vowel,  long  sound.  I 2. 

D — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel 
e — vowel,  silent. 


SYNTHESIS. 

Sh  T 1 n 

Shrine- 


60 


ANALYTICAL 


ANALYSIS. 

Contradictory,  Polysyllable. 

c — eons.,  nit.,  pal.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  o. 
o — vowel,  short  sound.  3. 

n— cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  o 
t — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  a. 
r — cons,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  a» 
a — vowel,  long  sound.  1. 

d — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  i. 
i — vowel,  short  sound.  4. 

c — cons.,  mt.,  pal.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  i, 
t — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  a 
o — vowel,  long  sound.  1. 

r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  i 
y — vowel,  substitute  lor  i,  short  sound.  3. 


SYNTHESIS 

cdntradic  to  rl 

con  tra  die  to  ry 

contra  con  trad  ic  contradicto 

Contradictory. 


The  analysis  and  synthesis  of  the  following  words 
should  be  written,  as  in  the  words  above,  and  preserved 
in  a blank  book. 


EXAMPLES. 


hero 

lady 

moment 

negro 

smoky 


diagram 

fluency 

abstinent 

algebra 

buffalo 


inventory  misunderstanding 

necromancy  predestination 
seminary  antediluvian 

temperament  gubernatorial 
miscellany  preantepenultimate 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


61 


SUBSTITUTES. 

A substitute*  is  a letter  representing  the  sound  that 
another  letter  usually  represents ; thus  s is  a substitute  for 
z in  was^  i for  e in  shire^  / for  v in  0/  ey  for  a long  in  they. 

A letter  when  used  as  a substitute  assumes  all  the 
properties  of  the  letter  whose  sound  it  represents. 

A long  has  two  substitutes;  ei  and  ey^  as  in  weighty  they 

A short  has  no  substitutes. 

A medial  has  one  substitute ; g as  in  there 

A fiat  has  no  substitutes. 

A broad  has  one  substitute ; 0 as  in  for. 

E long  has  one  substitute ; i as  in  machine. 

E short  has  two  substitutes ; a and  u as  in  says^  bury. 

1 long  has  one  substitute ; y long  as  in  rhyme. 

/ short  has  four  substitutes  ; y,  6,  and  0,  as  in  hymn^ 
England.^  busy.,  women. 

O long  has  two  substitutes  ; eau  and  ew  as  in  beau.,  sew. 

O short  has  one  substitute ; a as  in  what. 

O slender  has  no  substitutes. 

U long  has  one  substitute  ; ew  as  in  new. 

XJ  short  has  three  substitutes ; 6,  z,  and  0,  as  in  her.,  stir, 
son.] 

U medial  has  one  substitute  ; as  in  wolf  wool. 

What  is  a substitute  1 What  is  said  of  a letter  when  used 
as  a substitute?  How  many  substitutes  has  a long  7 Whnl 
are  they  ? How  many  has  a short  7 — a medial  7 What  is  it  ? — 
a fiat  7 — a broad  7 — What  is  it  ? How  many  has  e long  7 — 
What  is  it  ? How  many  has  e short  7 What  are  they  ? — 
How  many  has  i long  7 — i short  7 What  are  they  ? How 
many  has  o long  7 — What  are  they  ? — 0 short  7 — What  is  it  ?— 
0 slender  7 — u long  7 What  is  it  ? — u short  7 What  are  they  ? 

♦ See  Introduction,  page  7. 

t In  unaccented  syllables  all  the  vowels  when  followed  hy  r 
have  a tendency  to  u short  j as  in  liar,  porter,  nadir,  mayor,  martyr, 
— pronounced  liur,  portur,  nadur,  mayur,  martur ; in  which  situa^ 
lions  these  vowels  are  substitutes  for  u short:  but  generally  the 
vowels  should  j reserve  their  own  proper  sounds,  even  in  unaccente<I 
syllables.  Se€  Note  7 under  Accent. 

6 


62 


AJ^ALYTICAL 


B has  no  substitutes. 

D has  no  substitutes.  [rough 

F has  two  substitutes  ; ph  and  gh^  as  in  'philosophy 

G has  no  substitutes,  except  half  of  x in  exisi^  Spc. 

H has  no  substitutes. 

i has  two  substitutes  besides  g soft ; di  and  d in  con- 
nection with  y understood  before  w*;  as  in  soldier 
verdure. 

K has  two  substitutes  beside  c hard  and  half  of  x ; ch 
and  gh  as  in  echo^  lough. 

L has  no  substitutes. 

M has  no  substitutes. 

N has  no  substitutes. 

P has  no  substitutes. ' 

R has  no  substitutes 

vS  has  two  substitutes ; csoft  and  z as  in  centre,  quartz. 

T has  one  substitute;  ed  final  after  any  aspirate  except 
t,  as  in  'mixed. 

V has  one  substitute ; / in  the  word  of. 

*W  has  one  substitute  ; w as  in  quake. 

X is  frequently  used  as  a substitute  for  gz,  as  in 
exist. 

*y  has  one  substitute  ; i as  in  alien. 

Z has  three  subst4tutes  ; s,  c,  and  x,  as  in  was,  sufiice, 
xebec. 


How  many  substitutes  has  u medial  I What  is  it  ? How 
many  has  B ? D ? F ? What  are  they  ? How  many  has  G ^ 
H ? How  many  substitutes  has  J ? What  are  they  ? How 
many  substitutes  has  K ? What  are  they  ? How  many  substi* 
tuteshas  L?M?N?P?R?S?  What  is  it?— T?  What 
is  it? — V?  What  is  it? — W?  What  are  they? — X?  Whai 
does  it  frequently  do  ? How  many  substitutes  has  Y ? What 
is  it?  How  many  substitutes  has  Z?  What  are  they? 


♦ Y consonant  is  frequently  understood  before  u ; as  in  use,  unUy 
vckie.  W is  also  understood  before  o in  onx  and  once. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


63 


Th  has  no  substitutes  for  either  of  its  sounds, 

Ch  has  two  substitutes ; ti  and  t in  connection  with  y 
understood  before  u*  ; as  in  question^  nature. 

Sh  has  SIX  substitutes;  eg,  ci,  ch.,  and  5;  as  in 

ocean.,  social.,  mansion.,  nation.,  chaise.,  sugar. 

Zh  This  sound  is  represented  by  si^  zi.,  and  z and  5, 
before  u,  as  in  fusion^  glazier,  azure.,  rasure. 

Wh  has  no  substitutes. 

Ng  has  one  substitute  ; n generally  before  the  palatals  ; 

as  in  thank.,  uncle.,  finger.,  conquer.,  anchor. 

Tell  which  are  substitutes  and  for  what  substituted  in  the 
following  examples. 

Examples. — Eight,  cork,  any,  antique,  busy,  beau,  wad, 
crew,  come,  cook,  alphabet,  rough,  arduous,  tedious,  ache, 
braced,  Stephen,  as,  bank,  anger,  rancor,  quack,  linguist, 
ocean,  chicanery. 

EXERCISES  IN  ANALYSIS 
To  he  repeated  in  concert, 

ANALYSIS 

Veil,  Monosyllable. 

V — cons.,  semi.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  digraph  ei, 
ei — digraph,  substitute  for  a long.  A 3. 

1 — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  digraph  ei 

SYNTHESIS. 

V a . veil. 


How  many  substitutes  has  th  1 How  many  substitutes 
hasc^?  What  are  they?  How  many  substitutes  has  s/i  / 
What  are  they  ? By  what  letters  is  the  sound  of  zh  repre 
eenteo  ? How  many  substitutes  has  wh  ? How  many  eub- 
siitutes  has  ng  7 What  is  it  ? When  is  it  ? 


* See  note  on  opposite  page. 


64 


ANALYTICAL 


ANALYSIS. 

Obey,  Monosyllable, 
o — vowel,  long.  1. 

b — cons.,  rnt.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  digraph  cy, 
ey — digraph,  substitute  for  a Long,*  A 3. 

ANALYSIS 

Wad,  Monosyllable. 

w — cons.,  serni.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  a. 
a — vowel,  substitute  for  o short.  A 12. 
d — cons.,  mt,  sbv.,  ling.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  a. 

SYNTHESIS. 

w 6 d wad. 


ANALYSIS. 

Fiireitsy,  Dissyllable.  [vowel  e. 

ph — subs,  for  f,  cons.,  semi.,  lab.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its 
r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  v-owei  e. 
e — vowel,  short  sound.  3. 

n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  e. 
s — subst.  for  z.  semi.,  dent.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  ?/. 
y — vowel,  substitute  for  i,  short  sound.  3. 

ANALYSIS 

Arduous,  Trisyllable, 
a — vowel,  flat  sound.  A 8. 

r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  a, 
d — subst.  for  j,  cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its 
vowel  u. 

u — vowel,  long  sound.  (J  1. 

ou — digraph,  o silent,  u short  sound. 

s — cons.,  semi.,  dent.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  digraph 


Supply  the  Synthesis  where  it  is  wantinir. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


65 


SYNTHESIS. 

A r j ii  us 
ar  du  oue 

ardu  arduous. 

EXAMPLES  OF  SUBSTITUTED  VOWELS. 
The  sxibsiituted  letters  are  in  italic. 


ei  and  ey 

a and  u 

wander 

for  a long 

for  e short 

what 

heinous 

any 

obc^ 

huxy 

w 

purvey 

said 

for  u long 

survey 

says 

creto 

sk^;^n 

fleto 

veil 

e and  u 

neio 

for  i short 

vieto 

0 before  r 

^England 

for  a broad 

been 

0 6% 

cork 

basy 

for  u short 

for 

come 

morn 

eau 

bird 

storm 

for  0 long 

her 

bean 

sir 

t 

hnreau 

for  e long 

00 

caprice 

a 

for  u mea 

machine 

for  0 short 

book 

shire 

wad 

foot 

wanton 

good 

what 

root 

66 


ANALYTICAL 


EXAMPLES  OF  SUBSTITUTED  CONSONANTS. 


fh  and  gh 

lilacA 

rose 

forf 

nionarcA 

tongs 

alphabet 

pasc’Aal 

was 

pAiiarithropy 

scAolar 

wise 

pAilosophy 

scAool 

philology 

nfor  ng 

pAlebotomy 

ed  filial 

before  the  'podaiaU 

pArenology 

for  t 

bank 

p /alter 

hruced 

briwk 

pAiegin 

^xed 

chmk 

pAospAorus 

ixiined 

cra7ik 

p Ay  sic 

passed 

i?ik 

sopAistrv 

plac<j6Z 

la/ik 

zephyr 

pi/ik 

cough 

striped 

ra/ik 

enough 

vexed 

C7ichor 

lau^A 

awger 

rou^^'A 

f and  fh 

ao?iquer 

tou^^A 

for  V 

fi?2ger 

^f 

loTiger 

d 

nepAevv 

mung\e 

for) 

stepAen 

rancor 

arduous 

sirigle 

gran^ieu  * 

5 

tangle 

soyier 

for  z 

uncle 

teci^ious 

us 

wrangle 

ver»:iure 

cause 

drowse 

extinct 

ck 

ease 

oe 

for  k 

has 

Jor  sh 

ancAor 

his 

herbaceous 

cAaos 

lose 

tophaceous 

cAorus 

lungs 

argillaceous 

echo 

epocA 

noise 

ocean 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 


67 


Note.  In  the  following  examplee,  u is  a consonant,  and 


substituted  for  tv, 

u 

pinguid 

queen 

buoy 

qtmil 

quell 

conquest 

quaint 

quench 

distinguish 

quart 

quick 

language 

quash 

suavity 

linguist 

quartz 

vanquish 

In  the  following  examples,  i is  a consonant  when  before 
a vowel  and  preceded  by  the  accent,  and  is  substituted  for 
y consonant. 


X 

billion 

minmn 

alien 

brilliant 

pillion 

bagnio 

filial 

pinion 

bilious 

million 

valiant 

and  zi,  when  before  a vowel  and  preceded  by  the 

accent,  take 
the  accent. 

the  sound  ol*  zh — also, 

z before  w,  preceded  by 

brazier 

trea.yure 

exposure 

gla;^ier 

vi.sion 

illusion 

mea.yure 

vij^ier 

Infusion 

plea.yure 

ca.vual 

inva.sion 

ra^ure 

ely.yian 

occa.sion 

seizure 

encWure 

profu.yion 

T before 

M,  and  ti  before  a or 

0,  and  preceded  by  the 

accent,  take  the  same  sound  that  ch  would  in  the  same  situa- 

tion  ; they  may  therefore  be  said  t ' 

‘ be  substituted  for  ch» 

capmre 

gesmre 

venture 

chrw^iar 

lecmre 

virtue 

creamre 

picmre 

acmal 

cukure 

posmre 

cenmry 

feamre 

question 

mu^uaI 

68 

ANALYTICAL 

fortune 

rapmre 

naffiral 

fracture 

scripture 

ritual 

fumre 

sculpture 

situate 

fus/ian 

stame 

pemlant 

In  the  following  examples,  oiu  is  not  a triphthong,  nor  are 

ia^  xe  and  oi  digraphs ; but  i coalesces  with  the  preceding 

consonant,  producing  the  sound  of  sh 

ci 

malicious 

devotion 

prece  us 

musician 

donation 

special 

official 

duration 

vicious 

officious 

initial 

auspicious 

physician 

SI 

delicious 

proficient 

admis5ton 

deficient 

ti 

accession 

efficient 

ablution 

aggression 

judicial 

creaifton 

ascension 

ACCENT 

Accent  is  a stronger  enunciation  of  one  syllable  than 
others  in  the  same  word. 

Every  word  of  more  than  one  syllable,  has  one  of  its 
syllables  accented  ; as  com-pdre. 

Words  of  three  syllables,  or  more,  frequently  take  a 
primary  and  secondary  accent ; as  dnte-di-lu-vi-an 

Primary  accent  is  the  principal  accent. 

Secondary  accent  is  a partial  accent. 

The  primary  accent  is  indicated  by  an  acute ; thus,  (') 

The  secondary  accent  is  i.idicated  by  a grave ; thus,  (') 


What  is  accent  ? What  has  every  word  of  more  tJian 
one  syllable  ? What  is  said  of  words  of  three  or  more  syl- 
lables ? What  is  the  primary  accent  ? What  is  the  sec- 
ondary accent?  How  is  the  primary  accent  indicated? 
How  is  the  secondary  accent  indicated  ? 


ORTHOGRArilY. 


69 


Note  1.  Acceikt  in  its  very  nature  implies  a companson  with 
other  syllables;  it  is  therefore  not  applied  to  monosyllables. 

Note  2.  The  primary  accent  is  essential  to  every  word  of  more 
than  one  syllable. 

Note  3.  The  secondary  accent  is  not  essential,  as  it  is  frequently 
suppressed  when  the  word  is  placed  in  a different  position  with  res- 
pect to  the  accent  of  the  other  words  in  a sentence ; as.  Contradict 
tion  is  impolite.  Here  the  secondary  accent  is  on  the  first  syllables 
of  contradiction  and  impolite;  but  in  the  following  sentence,  We 
shoitid  abhor  contradiction  as  extremely  impolite  talk^  the  secondarj’ 
accent  is  not  heard  in  these  words. 

Note  4.  The  secondary  accent  is  always  two  syllables,  at  least, 
distant  from  the  principal  accent;  as,  demonsti  ition^  alligator ^ mete^ 
orology. 

Note  5.  Words  sometimes  take  two  secondary  accents;  as  indi- 
visibility^ in  which  the  secondary  accent  is  on  the  first  and  third, 
and  the  primary  on  the  last  but  two. 

Note  6.  The  primary  and  secondary  accents  frequently  change 
places  with  each  other ; as  in  cdravdn^  caravan^  domineer^  domineer. 

Note  7.  Vowels  in  accented  syllables  have  their  sounds  very  dis- 
tinct, but  vowels  in  unaccented  syllables  frequently  have  the  sound 
of  some  other  vowel,  or  their  sounds  are  rendered  indistinct,  or  they 
are  sometimes  nearly  suppressed : 

F^rst.  When  the  vowels  are  followed  by  r and  preceded  by  th? 
accent,  they  are  frequently  sounded  like  u short ; as  in  liar,  tender, 
nadir,  mayor,  martyr, — pronounced  liur,  tendur,  nadur,  mayur,  mar- 
tur.  But  there  are  many  exceptions  to  this  rule,  so  that  great  care 
should  be  taken  not  to  run  these  vowels  into  this  sound  if  it  can  be 
avoided.  When  the  vowels  before  r are  followed  by  the  accent,  they 
generally  preserve  their  own  sound ; as  in  arrest,  erratic,  irrespoih- 
sible,  incorrect,  tyrannical.  The  sound  of  a vowel  is  frequently 
changed  from  long  to  short  by  the  absence  of  the  accent,  for  example, 
in  the  word  admire,  i being  under  the  accent,  has  its  long  sound ; 
but  in  admirable,  where  the  accent  is  changed  to  the  first  syllable,  \ 
has  its  short  sound  as  in  mirror.  The  custom  of  good  speakers 
must  determine  whether  a letter  is  to  have  its  own  sound,  or  whether 
it  is  a substitute  for  some  other  letter.  The  teacher  and  the  pupils 
should  exercise  their  judgment  in  all  cases  of  doubt,  but  each  vowel’s 
own  sound  should  be  preserved  if  possible.* 


* Walker  says  that  “ there  is  scarcely  any  thing  more  distinguishes 
a person  of  mean  and  good  education  than  the  pronunciation  of  the 
unaccented  vowels.  When  the  vowels  are  under  the  accent  the 
learned  and  the  ignorant,  with  very  few  exceptions,  pronounce  them 
in  the  same  manner,  but  the  unaccented  vowels  in  the  mouth  of  the 
former  have  a distinct,  open  and  specific  sound,  while  the  latter  often 
totally  sink  them,  or  change  them  into  some  other  oound.  Those 


70 


ANALYTICAL 


Second.  The  vowels  in  some  situations  have  an  indistinct  oi 
obscure  sound  when  not  under  the  accent ; as  the  a in  abide^  aboard, 
akead^  and  the  e before  I in  ravel^  shovel,  hazel,  also  i in  the  first  syl. 
(able  of  diversity,  divorce,  when  not  spoken  deliberately,  and  the  first 
0 in  d‘:lock.  In  analyzing  words,  these  may  be  called  the  obscure 
minds  of  the  vowels. 

T%i^d.  In  the  unaccented  terminations  le  and  re,  in  such  worde 
as  trouDi£,  able,  battle,  candle,  acre,  Instre,  e is  thought  by  many  orthfMy 
pists  to  be  entirely  suppressed,  but  many  of  these  same  writers  say 
that  “ a consonant  cannot  be  uttered  without  the  aid  of  a vowel 
but  here  are  whole  syllables,  pronounced,  as  they  say,  without  a 
vowel  sound,  how  then  are  these  things  to  be  reconciled  I It  is  my 
opinion  that  the  sound  of  e is  not  wholly  suppressed  in  these  termi- 
nations, but  that  there  is  a slight  trace  of  the  vowel  sound  left,  which 
is  partly  merged  in  the  sub  vocal  sound  of  the  consonants  I and  r. 
The  sound  of  e in  these  situations  therefore  may  also  be  called  an 
obscure  sound,  and  I and  r are  transposed. 

How  many  syllables  are  there  in  each  of  the  following 
words,  and  v^hich  is  the  accented  syllable ; also,  which  syl- 
lable has  the  secondary  accent,  if  any? 

Examples;  Basket,  brindle,  damage,  dazzle,  esteem, 
exchange,  comprise,  consume,  default,  bourgeois,  enjoy, 
beautiful,  grievously,  numerous,  infamous,  conjugate, 
abusive,  acquaintance,  endanger,  commandment,  adver- 
tise, coincide,  amateur,  supervise,  afternoon,  admirable, 
dangerously,  multiplicand,  superintend,  hieroglyphic^ 
superintendent,  alphabetically,  extemporaneously,  perpen- 
dicularity. 


therefore  who  wish  to  pronounce  elegantly,  must  be  particularly 
attentive  to  the  unaccented  vowels,  as  a neat  pro  lunc  tation  of  these 
forms  one  of  the  greatest  biauties  of  speaking  ” 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


71 


EXERCISES  IN  ANALYSIS. 


[To  he  repeated  in  concert*] 
ANALYSIS. 


jBRsRet9  Dissyllable,  accent  on  the  first  syllable, 
b — cons.,  mt.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  a. 
a — vowel,  short  sound.  A.  4. 

s — cons.,  semi.,  den.,  aspr.,  consequen  to  its  vowel  a 
k — cons.,  mt.,  pal.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  e. 
e — vowel,  short  sound.  E.  3. 

♦ — cons.,  mt,  ling.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  e. 


SYNTHESIS. 


k e t 
ket 

ba^^ket. 


b a s 
has 


ANALYSIS. 


martyr,  Dissyllable,  accent  on  the  first. 

m — cons.,  semi.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  a 
a — vowel,  flat  sound.  A.  8. 

r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  tc  its  vowe  cl 
t — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowe.  y, 
y — vowel,  subst.,  for  u short, 

r — con.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  y 


SYNTHESIS. 


mar 


mar 


t u r 
tyr 

martyr. 


♦ If  the  teacher  think  advisolUe. 


72 


ANALYTICAL 


ANALYSIS. 

Admirable,  Polysyllable,  accent  on  the  first. 

a — vowel,  short  sound.  A.  4. 
d — cons.,  mut.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  cl 
m — cons.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  i. 

1 — vowel,  short  sound.  3. 

r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  i. 
a — vowel,  long  sound.  1. 

b — cons.,  mt.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  e. 

I — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  transposed  and  sounded  after  e 
e — vowel,  obscure  short  sound. 

SYNTHESIS 

k A m f r a b e 1 
ad  mir  ble 

admir  admira  admirable. 

ANALYSIS. 

Comprise,  Dissyllable,  accent  on  the  first, 
c — cons.,  mt.,  pal.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  o. 

0 — vowel,  short  sound.  3. 

m — cons.,  semi.,  lab.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  o. 
p — cons.,  mt.,  lab.,  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  t. 
r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  t. 

1 — vowel,  long  sound.  2.  [vowel  <. 

8 — subst,  for  z,  cons.,  semi.,  dent.,  sbv.  consequent  to  its 
e — ^v'owel,  silent.  Rule  2. 

SYNTHESIS 

k 6 m p r 1 z 
?X)in  prise 

comprise* 


ORTHOGIlArHY. 


73 


ANALYSTS. 

Hieroglyphic^  Polysyllable,  primary  accent,  on  the  pen* 
ultimate*  syllable  and  secondary  accent 
on  ihe  first. 

jj  — cons.,  semi.,  ■.  aspr.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel ) 

i — vowel,  long  sound.  1. 
e — vowel,  long  sound,  1. 

r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  o. 

0 — vowel,  long  sound.  1.  • 

g — cons.,  rnt,  pal.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  y. 

1 — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  y. 
y — vowel,  substitute  for  i,  short  sound.  2. 

ph  —cons.,  subst.  for^  sem.,  lab.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  M 
vowel  y, 

I — vowel,  short  sound.  3. 

c —cons.,  mt..  pal.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  L 
SYNTHESIS 

hi  e r 0 g 1 i f I c 
111  1 o glyph  ic 

hie  hiero  hieroglyph  fiiieoglyphic. 

SILENT  LETTERS. 

The  rules  are  constructed  upon  the  following  princi- 
ple : 

Whenever  a letter  is  always,  or  usually,  silent  in  sim- 
ilar situations,  a rule  is  formed.  For  illustration,  “ JS 
dnal  is  silent  when  another  vowel  precedes  it  in  the  same 

Upon  what  principle  are  the  rules  constructed  ? — Illustrate. 

♦ The  terms  pemdtimate,  antepenuUimo.te^  Szc.,  are  sometimes  used 
in  describing  syllables  (see  page  54,  fine  print;)  but  it  would  be 
better  not  to  use  these  terms  on  the  first  syllable.  Some  however 
will  prefer  the  numerical  order,  first,  second,  &c. 

7 


74 


ANAI.YTICAL 


syllable,’  and  this  is  always  true,  for  the  t cannot  be 
sounded  without  forming  another  syllable.  Again,  “ G 
is  silent  before  m or  in  the  same  syllable as  in 
phlegm^  resign.  It  needs  no  other  proof  than  experiment 
that  g cannot  be  placed  before  m or  in  the  same  sylla- 
ble without  being  silent  not  only  in  any  word  existing  in 
the  English  language  but  any  word  that  can  be  formed  ; 
therefore  a rule  is  constituted. 

Rule  A Digraph  must  have  one  vowel  silent ; as  iii 


vail 

dear 

deuce  region 

guard 

faint 

free 

alley  boat 

tie  foe 

blue 

drew 

either 

build 

day 

leopard 

marriage  famous 

ANALYSIS. 

buy 

Loaf,  Monosyllable. 

I — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  digraph  oa- 
oa — digraph,  o,  long  sound — a silent.  Rule  1.  A digraph,  &c- 
f — cons.,  semi.,  lab.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  digraph  oa 


I 0 f 

loaf. 


SYNTHESIS. 


Rule  2.  E final  is  silent  when  another  vowel  precedes 
it  in  the  same  syllable  ; as  in 


bake 

grape 

mope 

ride 

spike 

bride 

grade 

ode 

robe 

tone 

cease 

ice 

quite 

share 

vie 

change 

like 

race 

slake 

made 

Note.  E final  generally  preserves  the  long  sound  of  the  pre- 
ceding vowel. 

What  is  Rule  first?  What  is  Rule  second  ? What  is  the 
Lote  under  Rule  2? 


ORTHOGRAniY. 


T 5 


ANALYSIS. 

BsoLke,  Monosyllable. 

b — cons.,  mt.,  lab.,  sbv  antecedent  to  its  vowe  a. 
a — vowel,  long  sound. 

k — cons.,  rnt.,  pal.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  a. 
e— vowel,  silent.  Rule  2.  E final  is  silent  when, 

SYNTHESIS. 

b a k 

Rule  3.  B is  silent  before  t or  after  m in  the  same 
syllable,  as  in 

climb  jamb  subtle  tomb 

comb  lamb  debtor  dumb 

debt  numb  thumb  <fec. 

ANALYSIS. 

a>et>tor',  Dissyllable,  accent  on  the  first, 
d — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  e 
e — vowel,  short  sound. 

b — cons.,  silent  before  t.  Rule  3.  B is  silent  before  <k,c 
t — cons.,  mt,  ling.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  e. 

0 — vowel,  substitute  for  u short, 
r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  o 

SYNTHESIS 

(let  u r 

debt  or 

debtor 

4th.  C IS  silent  before  k in  the  same  syllable ; as  in 
back  chuck  crick  lack 

Remark  1.  C is  silent  in  czar,  czarina,  corpuscle,  indict,  muscle, 
ictuals. 


What  is  Rule  third]  What  is  the  first  Remark? 


76 


ANALYTICAL 


ULE  5.  D 

is  silent  before 

g in  the 

same  syllable 

1 

badge 

dredge 

hedge 

ridge 

bridge 

edge 

judge 

sedge 

budge 

fledge 

ledge 

trudge 

drudge 

grudge 

pledge 

\vedge 

ANALYSIS 

Monosyllable. 

b — cons.,  mt.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  a. 
a — vowel,  short  sound. 

d — cons.,  silent  before  g.  Rule  5.  D is  silent  before  g,  cf  c 
g — cons.,  semi.,  den.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  a. 
e — vowel,  silent.  Rule  2.  E final  is,  &c. 

SYNTHESIS. 

h a j 

ISadge. 

Rule  6.  G is  silent  before  m ox  n 'lti  the  same  syllable 
^ in 

airaign  design  impugn  phlegm 

apothegm  gnash  malign  resign 

assign  gnat  oppugn  sovereign 

ANALYSIS. 

Dissyllable,  accent  on  the  last, 
a — vowel,  short  sound. 

r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  a. 
r — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  digraph  ox 
ai  — digragh,  i silent,  a long  sound, 
g — cons.,  silent,  before  n.  Rule  6.  G is  silent  before,  Su 
n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  digraph  at. 

Repeat  the  4th  Rule.  What  is  the  5th  Rule  ? 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


77 


SYNTHESIS 


Hr  ran 

ar  raign 

arraign. 

RrLE,  7.  H is  silent  after  g ox  r in  the  same  syllable, 
as  in 

ghost  gherkin  rheurn  rhubarb 

ghastly  rhaspsody  rheumatism  rh^^me 
burgh  rhetoric  rhinoceros  (Stc. 


ANALYSIS. 


Gbost,  Monosyllable. 

g — cons.,  mt,  pal.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  o. 
h — cons.,  silent  after  g.  Rule  7.  H is  silent  after  g or, 
o — vowel,  long  sound. 

s — cons.,  semh,  den.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  a 
t — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  aspr.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  o. 


SYNTHESIS 


g 0 s t 

gliost 

Observation  1.  H \s  silent  after  in  ast/irna,  istAmus,  pht^sic 
Thomas,  T/iames. 

Rule  8.  H final,  following  a vowel,  is  always  silent ; 
as  in  oA,  a A,  Sara  A,  NineveA,  JehovaA,  JosiaA,  MessiaA. 


Rule  5th  ? What  is  tlie  first  Observation  7 Ruls  7tb 


78 


ANALYTICAL 


ANALYSIS 

iVineveli,  Trisyllable,  accent  on  the  first 
n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  i, 
i — vowel,  short  sound. 

n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  i, 
e — vowel,  long  sound. 

v — cons.,  semi.,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  e. 
e — vowel,  short  sound. 

h — cons.,  silent  Rule  8.  ^filial  following,  &c. 

SYNTHESIS. 

e V e 
veh 

nine  Niue  veil. 

Observation  2.  H initial  is  silent  in  a few  words  : viz — heii^  Aerb, 
Aonest,  Aour,  tumble,  Aumur,  and  their  derivatives. 

Rule  9.  K is  silent  before  n,  in  the  same  syllable : 
as  in 

^narl  Aiiee  Anife 


ANALYSIS. 

Knee,  Monosyllable, 
k — cons.,  silent  before  n.  Rule  9. 
n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  subv.,  antecedent  to  its  digraph  ee. 
ee — digraph,  second  e silent — first  e long  sound.  Rule  J 

SYNTHESIS. 

Q e 

knee. 


a 

n i n 
nin 


Observation  2nd  ? Rule  8th  ? 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


79 


Rule  10.  L after  a is  silent  wlien  followed  by/,  m,  k 
or  V in  the  same  syllable,  (except  valve) ; as  in 


chaZk 

salve 

ba/lc 

fo/ks 

sta/k 

ca/k 

ha/f 

ta/k 

ca/k 

halve 

wa/k 

calf 

pa/m 

a/ms 

calm 

qua/m 

ba/m 

6lc. 

Give  the  analysis  and  synthesis  of  all  the  examples 
under  each  Rule,  Observation,  and  Remark,  and  apply 
the  rules. 


Obsertation  3. — L is  silent  in  couM  wouZd,  and  shou/xl. 
Remark  2.-3/  is  silent  in  ?«.ne  monic,  wne  monies. 


Rule  11. — N final  after  I or  w,  is  silent;  as  in 

hym/i  columTt  condemn 

kiln  solem/i  contemri 

Rule  12. — P initial  before  n,  5,  or  is  silent ; as  in 

pneumatics  psalm  pshaw  ptolemaic 

pneumatology  psalmody  psychology  ptyalism 
pneumonia  psalter  ptisan  &c. 

Remark  3. — jS  is  silent  in  i5le,  island,  puisne,  viioount,  corps 
belles-lettres. 


Rule  9th  ? What  is  Observation  3d  1 What  is  Remarl< 
2pd?  Rule  10th?  Rule  llth?  Remark  3d? 


80 


ANALYTICAL 


Rule  13. — T is  silent  before  ch  in  the  same  syllable; 
ns  in 


ca^ch 

fe^ch 

inarch 

scratch 

clu/ch 

ha/ch 

rio/^ch 

stretch 

di/fch 

hi^ch 

pa/ch 

tha/ch 

wa^ch 

la^ch 

pi^ch 

ve^ch 

Observation  4.- 

— Tis  silent  in 

Christmas,  ecla^, 

, mor/gacre  and  a 

few  others. 

Rule  14. — 

■ W is  silent  before  r in  the 

same  syllable ; 

as  in 

z^?rangle 

-wTeck 

t/^retch 

'Mjrithe 

wap 

?/’ren 

?/7rigg]e 

wong 

wrass 

w’rench 

-wTinkle 

t^jroth 

wxaih 

w rest 

'M;rist 

16*  fought 

t/u'eath 

?iuestie 

t^?rite 

w’ry 

Observation  5.- 

— R^is  silent  in  i/;hole,  i^boop,  s2i7ord,  ans2^?er,  tiao. 

Rin.E  15. — 

Gk  IS  always  silent  after  i ; 

as  in 

bli^At 

ixighi 

ni^A 

slei^At 

bri^/it 

hei^At 

ni^At 

sli^At 

ei^^t 

hi^At 

pli^At 

ti^At 

^gh\. 

li^At 

ri^^At 

vvei^gAt 

fli^At 

mi^At 

sigkt 

vvrigAt 

frei^At 

nei^A 

sleigA 

6lc. 

Observation  6. — Gk,  when  not  substituted  for  /or  is  silent  oHci 

au  and  (nu ; as  in  a.\ight,  slau^A'ter ; ou^At,  bou^At,  throuo^4. 


Remauk  4. — Ck  is  silent  in  dracAm,  scMsm,  yacAt. 

General  Remark. — All  the  letters  except  f,  j,  q,  r,  x, 
and  z,  are  occasionally  silent. 


Rule  12th?  Observation  4th  ? Rule  13th?  Observation 
5th  1 Rule  14th?  Observation  6th?  Remark  4th?  General 
Remark  ? 


ORTHOGllArHY, 


81 


PRIJNCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 

A. 

SPECIFICATION. 

A ie  a vowel,  and  represents  five  different  sounds  which 
may  be  called  its  own  ; they  are  heard  in  ate^  at^  air^  art. 
all.  It  is  a substitute  for  e short ; as  in  says^  and  for  o 
short,  as  in  whcU. 

PRINCIPLES. 

1.  A has  its  long  sound  when  it  ends  an  accented  sylla- 
ble ; as  in  pa-per,  spec-ta-tor. 

Exceptions. — In  the  accented  syllables  of  papa^  father^  mamma 
a has  its  flat  sound  ; and  in  water  it  has  its  broad  sound. 

2.  A has  its  long  alphabetical  sound  when  followed  by  a 
single  consonant,  (except  r,)  and  silent  final  e in  the  same 
syllable;  as  in  made,  fate,  compensate. 

Exceptions.  In  have,  a has  its  sJwrt  sound,  and  in  gape  and 
are  it  has  its  Jlat  sound. 

3.  The  digraphs  ai  and  ay  are  always  sounded  like  a long. 
if  they  are  not  followed  by*r  ; as  in  pain,  daisy,  payment. 

Exceptions.  In  said,  saith,  again,  and  against,  a is  a substi- 
tute for  e short,  and  in  aisle  a is  silent,  i having  its  long  sound,  but 
in  the  termination  ian  as  in  mountain,  captain,  &c.,  the  a is  silent, 
and  i has  its  short  sound ; also  prayer  and  its  derivatives,  in  which  a 
has  the  medial  sound. 

4.  A generally  has  its  short  sound  when  followed  by  a 
single  consonant  in  the  same  syllable  (except  r and  some- 
times 1)  ; as  in  bal-lad,  capstan. 

Exceptions.  In  alien,  ancient,  cambric,  chamber,  manger,  and 
their  derivatives  a has  its  long  sound  ; also  in  angel  but  whose  deriv- 
atives have  a short  according  to  the  gener.il  principle. 

5.  A generally  has  itf  short  sound  when  followed  by  more 
than  one  consonant  in  the  same  syllable,  (except  r,  I,  and  s, 
followed  by  another  consonant) ; as  in  hand,  camp,  apt,  ^c. 

6.  A has  its  medial  sound  when  followed  by  r and  silent 
final  e , as  in /are,  care,  square,  compare. 

Exception.  In  aie  a has  its  flat  sound 


82 


ANALYTICAL 


7.  A in  the  digraph  ai  has  the  medial  sound  when  Ibi 
lowed  by  r ; as  in  air,  fair,  lair, 

8.  A followed  by  r,  and  another  consonant  in  the  same 
syllable,  has  the  flat  sound  ; as  in  hartshorn,  part^  card. 

Exceptions,  When  the  a is  preceded  by  as  in  wardj  warp, 
it  has  the  broad  sound. 

9.  In  monosyllables  ending  in  r,  and  their  derivatives,  a 
has  its  flat  sound ; as  in  star,  bar,  tar,  (f  c. 

Exceptions.  The  word  war  has  the  broad  sound  of  a, 

10.  A followed  by  h has  the  flat  sound  ; as  in  ah, 

11.  followed  by  ll  has  its  broad  sound;  as  in  all,  wait 
fall,  d^c, 

12.  When  w precedes  a it  gives  it  the  sound  of  short  o,  as 
in  was,  wad,  ^c. ; Except  when  immediately  followed  by  a 
palatal  sound ; as  in  thwack,  v)ag,  wax,  twang,  also  the  word 
war, 

13.  When  a is  preceded  by  qu,  and  followed  by  a single 
consonant,  it  has  the  sound  of  short  o ; as  in  quality, 

14.  A has  its  broad  sound  in  the  digraph  au ; as  in  taught, 
raught,  austere,  <^c. 

Exceptions.  When  au  is  followed  by  n and  another  consonant, 
a has  the  flat  sound  ; as  in  aunt,  jaundice,  (f*c. 

15.  A in  the  digraph  aw  always  has  its  broad  sound ; as 
in  law,  tawny,  dj*c, 

E. 

SPECIFICATION 

E is  a vowel  and  represents  two  different  sounds  which 
are  its  own ; they  are  heard  in  eve,  ebb.  It  is  a substitute 
for  a long,  as  in  they,  weight ; for  i short,  as  in  been  ; for  u 
short,  as  in  her, 

PRINCIPLES. 

1.  E has  its  long  sound  at  the  end  of  a syllable ; as  in 
me-te-or,  de^ple-tion, 

2.  E generally  has  its  long  sound  when  followed  by  a sin- 
gle consonant  and  silent  final  e ; as  in  here,  austere,  revere,  ^c. 

Exceptions.  In  where,  there,  and  their  derivatives,  e has  the 
sound  of  a rrwdiad  and  in  were,  e has  its  short  sound. 


ORTIIOGRAPHl . 


83 


3.  E geaeially  has  its  short  sound  when  followed  by  a 
consonant  in  the  same  syllable;  (except  r ;)  as  in  nest^  pei^ 
amendment. 

Exceptions.  In  England^  yes  and  pretty^  e haf?  the  sound  of  j 
shxyrt. 

4.  The  digraph  ee  is  always  sounded  like  e long ; as  in 
tree^  sweet,  proceed. 

Exception.  In  the  words  breeches  and  heen^  ee  has  the  sound  of 
i siwri. 

5.  When  ei  and  ey  are  in  an  accented  syllable,  or  in  a 
monosyllable,  they  have  the  sound  of  long  a ; as  in  weight, 
they,  convey. 

Exceptions.  In  ceil,  ceiling,  conceit,  deceit,  receipt,  conceive,  per- 
ceive, receive,  deceive,  inveigle,  seize,  seisin,  seignior,  seine,  obeisance, 
either,  neither,  leisure,  and  key,  e has  its  long  sound  ; heir  and  heiress 
have  the  sound  of  a medial ; and  height  and  sleight  which  have  the 
sound  of  long  i. 

6.  In  the  digraph  eu,  e is  always  silent,  and  u has  its  long 
sound  ; as  in  feiid,  deuce,  (f*c. 

7.  The  digraph  ew  is  always  sounded  like  u long;  as  in 
dew,  crew,  (^-c. 


I. 

SFECIFICATION. 

/ is  a vowel  and  represents  two  different  sounds,  which  are 
its  own ; as  in  ice,  it.  / is  a substitute  for  e long,  as  in  ma- 
chine; for  n short,  as  in  stir,  and  for  y consonoM,  as  in 

PRINCIPLES. 

^ 1.  / generally  has  its  long  sound  when  it  ends  an  accented 
syllable ; as  in  ti-tle,  compli-ance. 

2.  /generally  has  its  long  sround  in  a monosyllable  or  in 
an  accented  syllable,  when  followed  by  a single  consonani 
and  silent  final  e ; as  in  pine,  combine. 

Exceptions.  Live,  give,  and  their  derivatives,  have  the  i short; 
but  lively  and  livelily  follow  the  general  principle ; also  live,  when 
an  adjective,  as  a live  man.  Words  derived  or  incorporated  from 
the  French  language,  having  i in  the  situation  described  above,  give 
’t  the  sound  of  e long  as  in  mcxhine,  caprice- 


84 


ANALYTICAL 


3.  /lias  its  short  sound  when  followed  by  a single  conso- 
nant in  an  accented  syllable;  as  in  pm,  tim-ber,  finish.  Alec 
as  the  combinations  th^  ch,  sh^  and  ng  are  single  consonant 
sounds,  i follows  the  same  general  principle;  as  in  wUhrer 
whichj  dishj  sing-er. 

4.  / is  a consonant  when  it  begins  a syllable  and  is  imme- 
diately followed  by  a vowel  which  is  sounded  in  the  same 
syllable ; as  in  al-ien,  val-iant 


O. 

SPECIFICATION 

O is  a vowel,  and  represents  three  different  sounds,  which 
are  its  own  ; they  are  heard  in  oak^  on  and  do.  It  is  a sub- 
stitute for  broad  a.  as  in  sought ; for  u shorty  aa  in  son^  and 
for  u medial,  as  in  wolf. 

PRINCIPLES. 

1.  O has  its  long  sound  when  it  ends  an  accented  syllable 
as  in  mo-ment,  so-lo. 

Exceptions.  In  do^  to,  wko^  two^  ado^  and  oo  final,  as  woo^  ham^ 
boOy  4*c.,  0 has  its  slender  sound. 

2.  O generally  has  its  long  sound  when  followed  by  a 
single  consonant  and  silent  final  e in  the  same  syllable ; 
as  in  hone,  remote. 

Exceptions.  In  prove^  move^  behove.^  lose,  o has  its  slender  sound, 
and  in  love,  dove,  above,  come,  done,  glove,  none,  one,  pomegranite, 
shove,  and  some,  it  has  the  sound  of  u short. 

3.  O generally  has  its  short  sound  when  followed  by  a 
consonant  (except  r)  in  an  accented  syllable;  as  in  on,* 
oom-mod-ity. 

Exceptions.  In  whom,  tomb,  womb,  o has  its  slender  sound,  and 
in  a few  words,  such  as  son,  ton,  wonder,  it  takes  the  sound  of 

(i  short. 

4.  In  the  digraph  oa,  o has  its  long  sound,  a being  silent 
as  in  hoat^  coat^  boarder. 

Exceptions.  In  broad,  atroad,  groat,  the  a has  its  broad  sound 
^ being  silent. 


ORriIOGRAPHY. 


85 


5.  The  diphth.ongs  oi  and  oy  always  have  llie  sounds  of 
broad  a and  short  i in  rapid  succession  in  every  word  in 
which  they  occur. 

EyOEPTiONiS.  Choir  connoisseur  nnd  chamois. 

6 The  digraph  oc  has  the  sound  of  o slender  ‘ as  in 
moon  food.,  boot,  cf c. 

Exceptions.  In  mool^  wood,  good,  hood,  foot,  stood,  understood, 
ujithstood,  00  has  the  sound  of  u medial ; in  hhod  aiid  food,  the  sound 
of  u shori ; and  in  dxtor  and  fl>oor,  the  sound  of  o long. 

7.  The  digraph  oe  has  the  e silent  and  o long  sound ; as 
in  foe,  doe,  toe. 

Exceptions.  In  co.noe  and  shoe,  o has  its  slender  sound,  and  in 
ioes  it  has  the  sound  of  n short. 


u. 

SPECIFICATION. 

1/  is  a vowel  and  represents  three  different  sounds,  which 
are  its  own;  they  may  be  heard  in  due,  up,  and  jmll.  It  is  a 
substitute  for  e short,  as  in  huj'y ; for  f short,  as  in  busy. 

PRINCIPLES. 

1.  U has  its  long  sound  when  it  ends  an  accented  syllable ; 
as  in  du-ty,  tu-mult. 

2.  U generally  has  its  long  sound  when  followed  by  a sin- 
gle consonant  and  silent  final  e ; as  in  mute,  com-mune. 

Exceptions.  P before  r in  the  unaccented  syllal»les  of  mixture, 
posture,  &c.  has  its  short  sound. 

3.  C7has  its  short  sound  when  followed  by  a consonant 
in  the  same  syllable  ; as  in  but,  unjust. 

Exception.  In  union,  u has  its  long  sound. 

4.  When  ue  ends  a word  and  is  preceded  by  any  other 
consonant  except  q or  g,  the  e is  silent  and  u has  its  long 
sound  ; as  in  due,  glue,  pursue. 

5.  When  ue  final  is  preceded  by  q or  g,  the  u and  e are 
both  silent ; as  in  oblique,  fatigue. 

6.  In  the  digiaph  uy  the  u is  silent,  and  the  y has  its  short 
sound,  as  in  plaguy,  roguy  ; but  in  the  v^ord  buy  the  y has 
its  long  sound. 


86 


ANALYTICAL 


7.  f/,  when  tne  attendant  of  and  not  silent,  is  a conso- 
nant and  a substitute  for  w ; as  in  antiquary^  conquest^  vaw 
qiiish 

8.  When  ii  is  preceded  by  g or  s,  and  immediately  in  the 
same  syllable  is  followed  by  a vowel  which  is  sounded,  it  is 
a consonant  and  a substitute  for  w ; as  in  langxiag persuade . 

Y 

SPECIFICATION 

Y is  generaLy  a vowel  and  represents  two  different  sounds 
which  are  exactly  coincident  with  the  sounds  of  i:  as  in 
by^  syl-la-ble.  It  is  therefore,  when  a vowel,  considered  a 
substitute  for  i.  It  is  also  a substitute  for  u shorty  in  martyr^ 
satyVj  d^c, 

1.  Fhas  its  long  sound  when  it  ends  an  accented  syllable, 
except  the  final  syllable  of  a word  of  more  than  one  syllable; 
as  in  Jiy^  ly-ing^  py-rites. 

2.  y has  its  short  sound  when  it  is  followeil  by  a conso- 
nant in  an  accented  syllable  ; as  in  sym-phony.  syn-chronisrru 

3.  y has  us  short  sound  at  tlie  end  of  a word ; as  in  pano- 
plyj  lovely^  parody. 

Exceptions.  Words  ending  in  fy  have  y long;  SiS  in  justify. 
sLorify.  Also  multiply  and  occupy. 

B. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable,*  h is  sounded  before 
^ r,  or  a vowel.,  as  in  bland.,  brake.,  be  ; but  after  no  letter. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  h is  sounded  before 

as  in  hubs ; and  after  /,  r,  or  a vowel,  as  in  bulb,  curb,  ebb. 

3.  In  other  situations  it  is  silent.  See  Rule  3,  page  75 

C. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable,  c is  sounded  before 
(,  r,  or  a vawel ; as  in  clay,  cry,  cube  ; but  after  no  letter. 


♦ The  antcoedent  part  of  a syllable  is  that  which  occurs the 
vowel,  and  the  consequent  part  is  that  wliicb  follows  the  vowel 


ORTHOGRAniY 


87 


y.  In  tlic  consequent  part  of  a syllable,  c is  sounded  before 
s and  t;  as  in  sacs^  compact ; and  after  r or  a vowel ; as  in 
arc,  panic. 

3.  In  other  situations,  c is  sdent.  See  Rule  4,  and  Remark 
I,  Page  75. 

4.  C is  always  a substitute  either  fo/  k or  s. 

5.  It  is  a substitute  for  s,  before  e,  i and  y \ as  in  ceM 
cider,  cypher. 

6.  It  is  a substitute  for  k before  a,  o u,  l^r  and  t ; as  in 
cane,  come,  cup,  climb,  crimp,  conduct. 

7.  C is  a substitute  for  z ; as  in  suffice. 

8.  C is  a substitute  for  sh  before  e and  i,  in  such  words  as 
ocean,  social. 


D. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  d is  sounded  before 
r,  w,  or  a vowel ; as  in  draw^  dwelt  day  ; but  after  no  letter. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable,  d is  sounded  be- 
fore s,  z,  th,  or  a vowel ; as  in  rods,  adze,  width;  and  after 
n,  r,  or  a vowel  ; as  in  mind,  word,  head. 

3.  In  other  situations  d is  silent.  See  Rule  5,  Page  76. 

4.  D is  a substitute  for^‘  whenever  the  sound  of  y is  under- 
stood between  the  d and  u immediately  following  j as  in 
verdure,  procedure. 

5.  Di  and  de  are  substitutes  for  7 in  such  words  as  soldier 
yprandeur,  <^c. 


ED. 

Whenever  the  letters  ed  constitute  the  inflection  of  a verb, 
the  pronunciation  is  controlled  by  one  of  the  three  following 
principles. 

1.  When  the  syllable  ed  is  added  to  a verb  ending  in  d or  t, 
the  e and  d are  both  sounded,  and  constitute  a separate  sylla- 
ble ; as  in  blend,  blended,  cor"cct,  corrected.  So  when  d 
only  IS  added  to  a verb  ending  in  silent  e,  after  d,  or  t,  the  6 
assumes  its  sound  and  forms  a separate  syllable  with  the  a 
which  was  added  : as  in  grade,  graded,  recite,  recited. 


88 


analytical 


2.  When  the  syllable  ftd  is  added  to  a verb  ending  in 
vowel  or  any  snb vocal,  2;ircept  cZ,  the  sound  of  the  e is  sup- 
pressed, and  the  d is  sounded  with  the  preceding  syllable ; 
as  in  obey^  obeyed^  endow ^ endowed^  fail,  failed^  name,  named, 
infer,  infer ed  cfc. ; except  in  Bible  language. 

3.  When  the  syllable  ed  is  added  to  a verb  ending  in  any 
aspirate  except  t,  the  sound  of  e is  suppressed,  and  d sink? 
into  a substitute  for  Z ; as  in  lock,  locked,  stamp,  stamped 
wish,  wished. 


F. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable,  jf  is  sounded  before 
/,  r,  or  a vowel ; as  in  flow,  frame,  few ; but  not  after  any 
letter. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable,  / is  sounded  be- 
fore s,  t,  or  th,  as  in  griefs,  left,  fifth ; and  after  I,  r,  or  a 
vowel,  as  in  shelf  dwarf,  reef 

3.  F is  never  silent. 

4.  Fis  a substitute  for  v in  the  word  of— the,  only  instance 
in  which  it  '*aries  from  its  own  peculiar  sound. 

G. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  g is  sounded  be- 
fore I,  r,  or  a vowel ; as  in  glad,  grow,  gay ; but  not  after 
any  letter. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  g is  sounded  be- 
fore s ; as  in  bags  ; and  after  I,  n,  r,  or  a vowel ; as  in 
bulge,  strange,  barge,  egg. 

3.  In  other  situations  g is  silent.  See  Rule  6,  Page  76. 

4.  G soft  is  always  a substitute  for  j,  which  occurs  only 
before  e,  i,  and  y ; as  in  gem,  ginger,  prodigy  ; but  there 
are  many  exceptions  to  this  rule ; as  in  gear,  gird,  buggy. 

5.  G always  has  its  own  hard  sound  before  a,  o,  u,  or 
any  consonant. 

6.  G is  always  hard  at  the  end  of  a wora  ; as  in  wag,  log 
and  generally  at  the  end  of  syllables ; as  in  foggy,  coagulate 

7.  When  g follows  n in  the  same  syllable,  the  two  letters 
represent  a different  sound  than  either  n or  g.  See  page  3P 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


89 


fl 

1.  Tlie  jnire  i?(mnd  of  h is  never  made  either  before  oi 
alter  any  other  consonant  in  the  same  syllable  unless  a 
rowel  intervenes. 

2.  H,  as  a single  letter,  is  never  sounded  except  immedi- 
ately before  a vowel.  In  other  situations  h is  either  silent^ 
(see  Rules  7 and  8,  and  Observations  1 and  2,  Page  77,)  or 
.n  connection  with  other  letters,  it  represents  other  sounds 
dilferino:  widely  from  the  pure  original  sound  of  the  letter. 
(See  TH,  CH.  SH,  and  WH.  Page  93.) 

3.  H is  sometimes  used  in  connection  with  p and  g — ph 
constitute  a substitute  for  f in  philosophy^  and  quite  a large 
class  of  words ; and  gh  are  substituted  for  / in  roughs  <^c.. 
and  for  k in  lough. 


J. 

J never  has  any  other  consonant  connected  with  it  either 
before  or  after  a vowel  In  the  same  syllable ; in  other  words, 
it  stands  alone,  in  the  antecedent  or  consequent  part  of  a 
syllable.  J is  never  silent,  nor  is  it  ever  a substitute  for  any 
other  letter. 


K. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  k is  sounded  before 
1,  r,  or  a vowel ; as  in  klick,  kruka,  kite  ; and  after  5;  as  in 
skjj. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  k is  sounded  be- 
fore s ; as  in  tacks  ; and  after  /,  n,  r,  s,  or  a vowel;  as  in 
tndk,^  bank,  bark,^  bask,  make.  In  other  situations  it  is  silent 
See  Rule  9,  Page  78. 

3.  K is  never  a subsiituie  for  any  other  letter. 

L. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  I is  only  used  be 
fore  a vowel ; as  in  let,  lilach  ; and  after  b,  f g,  k,  p or  $ , 
as  in  blow^  flow,  glad,  klick,  play,  slay. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  I is  sounded  before 
any  of  the  consonants ; (except  h,j,  n,  q,  r,  w,  and  ng  ;)  and 
after  r or  a vowel ; as  in  world,  all,  wolf,  milk,  cf  c. 


90 


ANAI.YTICAL 


3.  In  otlit^r  situations  I is  silent.  See  Rule  10,  and  Ob 
servation  3,  Page  79. 

4.  L is  never  used  as  a substitute. 

M. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable,  m is  sounded  be 
fore  a vowel  only  ; as  ^n  man,  me,  and  after  s ; as  in  smcdl 
smite. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  m>  is  sounded  be 
fore  p ov  s ; as  in  hemp^  gums^  and  after  /,  r,  5,  th^  or  a 
\X)wel ; as  in  elm,  form^  chasm,  rytkm^  am. 

3.  M is  silent  in  but  one  word,  mnemonics^  and  its  deriva- 
tives. 

4.  M is  never  a substitute  for  any  other  letter. 

N. 

J.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  n is  sounded  belore 
a vowel  only  as  in  no,  name  ; and  after  s only  as  in  snow. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  n is  sounded  before 

g,  /c,  s,  .r,  2:,  th  or  ch  ; as  in  band^  range^  cf  c.,  and 

after  r or  a vowel ; as  in  warn.  on. 

3.  In  other  situations  n is  silent.  See  Rule  11,  Page  79. 

4.  N is  usually  a substitute  for  the  elementary  sound  of 
ng  when  it  is  followed  by  any  of  the  palatals  ; as  in  thank 
uncle,  Jinger^  conquer,  anchor. 

P. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable,  p is  sounded  be- 
fore I,  r,  or  a vowel ; as  in  play,  pray.  pay. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  p is  sounded  before 
s or  ^ ; as  in  perhaps,  apt,  and  after  I,  m,  r,  s or  a vowel ; as 
in  scalp,  camp,  carp,  gasp,  gap. 

3 In  other  situations  p is  silent.  See  Rule  12,  Page  79. 

4 P is  never  a substitute  except  in  connection  with  h. 
See  H-  3. 


a. 

1.  a is  always  placed  before  u either  in  the  antecedent 
or  consequent  part  of  a syllable. 


OHTHOGRArilY. 


9i 


2.  It  always  has  the  power  of  A:,  and  the  u winch  follows 
It  if  not  silent,  is  always  a consonant  having  the  powers  of 
w ; thus  qiiake  is  pronounced  as  if  written  ku  ake* 

3.  a is  never  silent. 


R. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  r is  sounded  betore 
a vowel  only,  as  in  ray.  red  ; and  after  6,  cZ,  f,  g,  /c,  p,  tfu 
sh,  as  in  bray.  dray,  fray ^ 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  r is  sounded  before 
all  the  consonants  except  w ; and  after  a vowel  only,  as  in 
bar^  arm,  <^c. 

3.  R is  never  silent. 

4.  R is  never  used  as  a substitute  for  any  other  letter 

S. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  s is  sounded  before 
0,  h.  A:,  Z,  m,  ?i,  p,  q.  Z,  it?  or  a vowel ; but  after  no  letter. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  s is  sounded  before 
Zc,  m,  p,  q or  Z,  as  in  ask^  chasm..^  clasp,  casque,  b^st ; and 
after  all  the  letters  except  For  situations  in  wliich  it  is 
silent  see  Remark  3,  Page  79. 

3.  Usually  when  s follows  any  subvocal  in  the  same  syl- 
lable, and  particularly  when  it  forms  the  plural  number  ot 
nouns  in  that  situation,  it  is  a substitute  for  z ; as  in  bogs, 
cars. 


T. 

. In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  Z is  sounded  before 

r,  w or  a vowel,  as  in  track,  twinkle,  ton  ; and  after  s,  as  in 
stay. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  Z is  sounded  before 

s,  as  in  pits,  lots ; and  aherf  1.  p,  n,  s or  a vowel,  as  in  aft, 
halt,  apt,  anU  past,  at. 

3.  In  other  situations  t is  usually  silent.  See  Rule  IS, 
and  Observation  4,  Page  80. 

4.  T,  when  followed  by  ia,  ie  or  io.  and  preceded  by  the 
accent,  is  a substitute  for  sh,  as  in  par'tial.  patient,  ratio , 
except  when  preceded  by  s or  x,  when  it  takes  the  sound  of 
ch,  08  in  Christian,  wixtion. 

5.  T,  when  followed  by  long  u and  preceded  by  the  ac- 
cent. takes  the  sound  of  ch,  as  in  pasture. 


92 


ANAL  Yl'I  CAL 


V. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  v is  sounded  before 
a vowel  only,  as  in  vain:  but  not  after  any  letter. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  v is  sounded  after 

f,  r or  a as  in  helve,  stance,  behave. 

3.  V is  never  silent. 

4.  is  never  a substitute  for  any  other  letter. 

W. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  w is  sounded  be- 
fore a vowel  only,  as  in  way : and  after  d,  s,  t or  th,  as  in 
dwell,  s'well,  twill,  thwart. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  w is  never  sounded 
as  a consonant  at  all. 

3.  For  its  silence  see  Rule  14,  and  Observation  5,  Page  80. 

4.  W is  never  a substitute  for  any  consonant. 

X. 

1.  X never  represents  its  own  sounds  in  the  antecedent 
part  of  a syllable. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  x is  sounded  be- 
fore t ov  th^  as  in  mixture,  sixth : and  after  n or  a vowel  as 
in  phalanx,  ox. 

3.  X is  always  silent  in  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable, 
as  in  xebec. 

4.  X is  silent  in  a few  words  of  French  origin,  as  billet- 
doux,  chevfaixdefrise, 

5.  X is  composed  of  two  elementary  sounds,  k and  s. 

6.  When  .r  is  followed  by  an  accented  syllable  beginning 
with  a vowel  sound,  it  generally  slides  into  the  subvocal 
sounds  of  gz,  as  in  exist,  exhort. 

Y. 

1.  When  y is  a consonant  it  is  used  only  in  the  antece- 
dent part  of  a syllable  without  having  consonants  cx3me 
either  before  or  after  it. 

2 Y when  it  is  a consonant  is  never  substituted. 

3,  Y is  never  silent. 


Z. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  z is  us^^d  before  a 
vowel  only,  as  in  zeal:  but  not  after  any  letter. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  z is  sounded  after 
r or  a ixnccl  as  m furze,  buzz 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


93 


3.  Z is  ne  v^er  silent. 

4.  Wlien  z is  followed  by  la,  ie^  to,  or  long  u.  and  preceded 
by  tlie  accent,  it  takes  a peculiar  sound  whichmay  be  called  zh, 

TH. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  th  is  sounded  be- 
lore  r,  te  or  a vowel,  as  in  throw,  thwack,  thaw. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  th  is  sounded  be- 
fore m or  s,  as  in  rythm,  paths  ; and  after  d,f,  I,  n,  r,  x or  a 
vowel,  as  in  width,  Jifth,  wealth,  tenth,  earth,  sixth,  path. 

3.  Th  represents  two  distinct  elementary  sounds — an  as- 
pirate sound,  as  in  think,  and  a subvocal  sound,  as  in  though. 

CH. 

1.  Ch,  when  representing  its  own  peculiar  elementary 
sound,  is  used  before  a vowel  only  in  the  antecedent  pari 
of  a syllable  ; as  in  chain. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  it  is  sounded  after 
I,  n,  r,  or  a vowel : as  in  filch,  bench,  search,  attach. 

3.  In  words  derived  from  the  ancient  languages,  ch  nia}/ 
be  considered  substituted  for  k:  as  in  chimera. 

4.  In  words  derived  from  the  French  language,  ch  gen- 
erally has  the  sound  sh:  as  in  chaise,  machine. 

SH. 

1.  In  the  antecedent  part  of  a syllable  sh  is  sounded  be- 
fore r or  a vowel : as  in  shred,  show. 

2.  In  the  consequent  part  of  a syllable  sh  is  sounded  after 
I or  a vowel:  as  in  Welsh,  wash. 

WH. 

Wh  IS  only  sounded  before  a vowel  in  the  antecedent  pan 
of  a syllable  ; as  in  what,  when. 

NG. 

'Sg  is  only  sounded  after  a vowel  in  the  consequent  part 
cf  a syllable ; as  in  sing,  long. 

Whenever  a letter  is  substituted  for  another,  it  not  cnly  assumes 
all  the  properties  of  that  other  letter,  but  it  is  generally  placed  in 
limilar  situations  with  respect  to  other  letters ; for  instance,  we  call 
ph  a substitute  for  /,  and  it  can  then  be  used  before  I and  r,  as  in 


PART  THIRD. 


WORDS  AND  DERIVATION 

A word  is  a single  part  ot  speech,  consisting  either  ol 
one  syllable,  or  more  than  one 

Words  are  designated  in  two  different  ways. 

First,  as  simple  or  compound. 

Second,  as  primitive  or  derivative. 

A simple  word  is  one  that  is  not  composed  of  two  or 
more  whole  words  ; as,  man^  silver^  slayer. 

A compound  word  is  composed  of  two  or  more  distinct 
words  ; as,  silveT’Smith^  manslayer^  nevertheless. 

The  pupils  may  tell  which  words  in  the  following  examples  are 
simple,  and  which  compound  and  how  compounded. 

Examples  ; stove,  fireplace,  benches,  stovepipe,  book, 
writing,  pencil,  paper,  sincerity,  bookcase,  writingbook, 
happy,  unhappy,  hatband,  football,  churchyard. 

The  following  is  the  mode  of  analyzing  compohno 
words : 


What  is  a word  I How  are  words  designated  1 The 
first?  The  second  ? What  is  a simple  word?  What  is  8 
compound  word  ? Is  stove  a simple  or  compound  word 
Fireplace?  &c. 


ORTHOGRArHY. 


95 


ANALYSIS. 

Overwork — Compound,  primitive  word,  compounded  of 
over,  a primitive  word,  signifying  too  and 

work  a primitive  word  signifying  to  labor. 

The  meaning,  therefore,  is,  to  labor  too  much 
Trisyllable,  accent  on  the  last  and  first 

(Tp««priug — compound,  primitive  word,  compounded  of 
ujp.  a primitive  word,  signifying  upward^  and 
springy  a primitive  word,  signifying  to  sto.rt. 

The  meaning  is,  therefore,  to  start  upward,  or 
spring  up. 

Dissyllable,  accent  on  the  last. 

La,iAci^a^ — Compound,  primitive  word,  compounded  of 
land,  a primitive  word,  signifying  the  soilj  and 
tar,  a primitive  word,  signifying  a rate. 

The  meaning  is,  therefore,  a rate  upon  the 
soil,  or  a tax  upon  land. 

Dissyllable,  accent  on  the  first. 

FS^^werstalk — Compound,  prim,  word,  compounded  of 
flower,  a primitive  word,  signifying  blossom,  and 
stalk,  a primitive  word,  signifying  a stem. 

The  meaning  is,  therefore,  the  stem  of  a bloo 
som. 

Trisyllable,  the  accent  on  the  first. 

Sciiatccliamber — Compound,  prim,  word  compound,  of 
senate,  a primitive  word,  signifying  the  upper  house 
of  the  legislature,  and 

chamber,  a primitive  word,  signifying  a room. 

The  meaning  is,  therefore,  the  room  for  the 
upper  branch  of  the  legislature,  or  chamber 
of  the  senate. 

Polysyllable,  accent  on  the  first  and  third. 


96 


ANALYTICAL 


EXAMPLES  FOR  ANALYSIS. 


air-box 

air-gun 

air  hole 

air-pump 

air-tube 

aJ  ms-box 

alms -chest 

alms-deed 

alms-house 

back-bone 

back-door 

back-ground 

back-house 

back-room 

back-side 

back-slide 

back-yard 

bank-bill 

bank-note 

bank-stock 

birth-day 

birth-place 

birth-right 

black-ball 

black -bird 

black-fish 

black-lead 

post-house 

post-man 

post-mark 

post-paid 

post-town 

sea-born 

sea-beach 

sea-breeze 

sea-calf 


breast-knot 

breast-plate 

breast-work 

broad-cloth 

broad -cast 

broad-sword 

church-man 

church-yard 

cow-house 

cow-pen 

cow-pox 

day-book 

day-break 

day-light 

day-star 

day-time 

eye-ball 

eye-brow 

eye-glass 

eye-lash 

eye-lid 

eye-shot 

eye-sight 

eye-sore 

eye-stone 

eye-tooth 

field-bed 

field-book 

sea -term 

sea-weed 

sea- wo  If 

sea-horse 

toll-bridge 

toll-gate 

toll-house 

up-hill 


school-master 

school-mistresa 

field-duck 

field -fa  re 

fire-a  rms 

fire  ball 

fire-brand 

fire-brush 

fire-fiy 

fire-hook 

fire-lock 

fire-man 

fire-new 

fire-pan 

fire-place 

fire-plug 

fire-ship 

fire-side 

fire- ward 

fire-wood 

fire-work 

foot-ball 

foot-boy 

foot-hold 

foot-rnan 

foot-pace 

foot-path 

foot-step 

wood-houjse 

wood-land 

wooddark 

wood-louse 

wood-mite 

wood-note 

wood-nymp!i 

work-house 


ORTHOGRArHY. 


97 


candle-stick 

church-member 

copy-book 

copy-right 


news-paper 

plumb-pudding 

school-district 

school-fellow 


under-cur  rem 
under  sheriff 
under-tenant 
un-sea-worthy,  &rC. 


A primitive  word  can  be  reduced  to  no  fewer  letters 
than  it  has,  without  destroying,  or  radically  changing  its 
signification  ; as, /azr,  repejit^  man^  be. 

A derivative  word  is  formed  from  a primitive,  genC' 
rally  by  the  addifion  of  prefixes  or  suffixes,  or  of  both  ; 
as,  unfair^  repentance^  unmanly. 


A word  may  be  both  sim; Je  and  primitive  at  the  same  time ; os 
man : It  may  be  simple  and  derivative  at  the  same  time ; as  manly  : 
It  may  be  compound  and  primitive  at  the  same  time;  as  matchman. 
It  may  be  compound  and  derivative  at  the  same  time;  as  manslayer. 
But  a word  is  never  simjde  and  compound  at  the  same  time,  noi 
primitive  and  derivative  at  the  same  time. 

Promiscuous  Examples:  Sun,  starry,  unsuccessful, 
marketable,  showy,  book,  ashes,  complaining,  unsea 
worthy. 

A prefix  is  a letter  or  letters,  syllable  or  syllables, 
joined  to  the  beginning  of  a word  ; as,  the  syllable  un^ 
in  the  word  lenfair  ; a,  in  ashore  ; inter ^ in  interchange. 

A suffix  is  a letter  or  letters,  syllable  or  syllables  join 
ed  to  the  end  of  a word  ; as,  y in  dusty ; er^  in  hunter ; 
a^/e,  in  conformable. 


When  prefixes  or  suffixes  are  added  to  a word  without  changing 
the  letters  in  the  primitive  part,  (except  sometimes  final,  silent  <?,)  it 
is  called  a regular  derivative ; as,  dusty ^ hanger restoreng. 

When  the  letters  in  the  primitive  part  are  changed  in  forming 
derivatives,  the  word  is  called  an  irregular  derivative ; as  brought 
from^?t^/  was^  from  be;  from  go\  &c. 

A whole  English  word  which  retains  its  original  meaning  when 
used  in  connection  with  other  words,  is  not  a prefix  or  a suffix,  but 


Wnai  IS  a primitive  word  ? What  is  a derivative  word  7 
le  a primihve  or  derivative  word  7 Starry?  Howie 
it  formed  ? Unsuccessful  7 &r. 

9 


98 


ANALYTICAL 


constitutes  part  of  a compound  word  ; as  out  in  the  compound  word 
outside^  and  some  in  somebody.  But  in  outrun^  out  loses  its  primarjf 
signification  and  then  becomes  a prefix  to  run ; and  in  quarrelsome^ 
the  original  meaning  of  some  is  changed  ; it  therefore  becomes  a 
suffix  in  \ derivative  word. 

Whenever  the  meaning  of  a word  is  radically  changed  by  the 
'iddition  of  prefixes  or  suffixes,  it  is  still  a primitive  word,  notwith 
Standing  the  addition;  as  in  reproofs  in  which  the  meaning  of  nei- 
ther re  nor  proof  is  retained ; they,  therefore,  constitute  only  a 
primitive  word. 

Whenever  a prefix  or  suffix  is  joined  to  parts  of  English  words, 
parts  or  whole  of  Latin  or  Greek  words,  or  any  other  language,  if 
they  are  not  whole  English  words,  the  words  thus  formed  are  still 
primitive  words ; take  for  example  the  words  reduce  and  lenity^  al- 
though re  is  usually  a prefix,  and  ty  is  generally  a suffix  ; yet,  duce 
and  Uni  are  not  whole  English  words  ; therefore,  redu/x  and  lenity ^ 
are  primitive  words  in  our  language. 

ANALYSIS. 

Undesigned — Simple,  derivative  word,  from  primitive 
design^  prefix  un  and  suffix  ed. — Trisyllable, 
accent  on  the  last, 
a — vowel,  short  sound.  U 3. 

n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  u. 
d — cons.,  mt.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  e, 
e — vowel,  long  sound.  E 1. 

b — cons.,  subst.  for  z,  (See  S 3.)  semi.,  den.,  subv.,  ante- 
cedent, &c. 
i — vowel,  long  sound, 
g — cons,  silent.  Rule  6,  Page  76. 
n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  t. 
e — vowel,  silent.  ED  2. 

d — cons.,  mt..  ling.,  subv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  i.  ED  2 

SYNTHESIS  BY  SOUNDS. 

u-n  d-e  z-i-n-d 

un  ae  signed 

unde  undesigned. 

The  pupil  may  now  take  words  from  any  book  and  analyze 
them  according  to  the  above  plan. 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


90 


Each  word  in  the  following  sentences  may  be  analyzed  in 
puccessiou  ; thus, 


We — . love — . . . enjoyment — , 

w— 1— 

e— . . o — . . . 


V — e — . . . 

e — . . . . n — . . . 

j— . . . . 

oy— .. 

m — . . 
e — . , . 
n — . . . 

t— 


Most  men  are  selfish. 

Contentment  is  desirable. 

Analysis  is  a key  which  unlocks  the  iron-bound  re- 
ceptacles of  science. 

The  undersigned  respectfully  suggests  uncompromi- 
sing hostility. 

Science  is  a collection  of  principles  systematically  ar- 
ranged. 


Full  many  a gem  of  purest  ray  serene, 

The  dark  unfathomed  cavee  of  ocean  bear ; 

Full  many  a flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 

And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air. 

The  following  is  a list  of  the  prefixes  which  are  applied 
tc  whole  English  words,  with  their  signification. 

a signifies  on,  in,  af,  to.  or  tcnoards:^  as  abroad,  abed, 

Ptb  signifies  from:  as,  aboriginal,  from  the  first. 


* Tho  prefix  is  sometimes  redundant;  ap  adry,  ameliorate,  fci 
dry  and  meliorate. 


lOO 

ANALYTICAL 

ad  ' 

' adjoin,  join  to. 

ae 

accredit,  credit  to. 

af 

affix,  fix  to. 

as 

agglomerate,  gather  to. 

at 

^ Signify  as.^j 

allure,  entice  to. 

an 

annumerate,  number  to. 

ap 

approximate,  approach  to. 

ar 

arrange,  range  to. 

at  ^ 

^ attune,  tune  to. 

ante  signifies  before  ; as,  antemeridian,  beforci  noon, 
ansti  signifies  as,  antiniasonry,  against  masoniy 

be  signifies  uporij  to  'make,  or  for ; as,  bespatter,  belaid, 
bespeak. 

bi  signifies  two  ; as,  bifbld,  biform.  [around 

cireiiiii  signifies  around;  as,  circumnavigate,  to  sail 

coil  ^ f conjoin,  to  join  with, 

com  1 I commingle,  to  mingle  with. 

CO  ^signify  as,^  coequal,  equal  with. 

col  1 collect,  to  place  with  or  together 

cor  j L correlative,  relating  with. 

coiilra  ) signify  i contradance,  a dance  opposite, 
counter  ] opposite;  as,  ( counterview,  a view  opposite. 

di  > signify  i ditone,  an  interval  of  two  tones, 
dis  \two  ; as,  \ dissyllable,  a word  of  two  syllables. 

dis  signifies  not  or  un  ; as,  dissimilar,  not  similar ; disband, 
unband. 


e ) C emigrate,  to  move  out. 

ex  > signify  out ; as,  < export,  to  carry  out  of  port, 
et  ) i effluent,  flowing  out. 

eqiii  signifies  equal ; as,  equidistant,  at  an  equal  distance, 
extra,  signifies  beyond;  as,  extraordinary,  beyond  ordinary 
hex  signifies  six  ; as  hexangular,  six  angled, 
hyper  signifies  aver  ; as  hypercritical,  over  critical. 

In  ^ rincompletCjindent, not  complete, dent  in 

im  I signify  J imprudent,  not  prudent, 
il  ynot  ovin;  as,  1 illegal,  illapse,  not  legal,  sliding  in. 
ir  j I irregular,  not  regular. 

inxta  signifies  next ; as,  iuxtaposition,  placed  next 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


lOJ 


mal  eigriifies  bad;  as,  malpractice,  bad  practice, 
mis  signifies  wrong  ; as,  misapply,  to  apply  wrong, 
iiioiio  signifies  one;  as,  monosyllable,  one  syllable, 
iiiiilfi  signifies  ; as  multiform,  having  many  forms, 
noil  signifies  7iot ; as,  nonessential,  not  essential, 
oct  signifies  eight ; as.  octangular,  eight  anglea. 
oiiiiii  signifies  all;  as,  omnipotent,  all  powerful, 
out  signifies  to  exceed,  ov  beyond;  as,  outdo,  to  exceed 
in  doing ; outmatch,  to  match  beyond, 
ov^i  signifies  an  egg  ; as  oviform,  egg-shaped, 
por  signifies  by ; as,  perchance,  by  chance, 
fieri  signifies  around;  as,  pericranium,  the  membrane 
around  the  skull. 

Iilciii  signifies  full ; as,  plenipotent,  full  of  powei. 
l>oly  signifies  many;  as,  polysyllable,  many  syllables. 
po!><t  signifies  after  ; as,  postfix,  fix  after, 
pro  signifies  befori;  as,  prefix,  fix  before. 

S>reter  signifies  beyond  ; as,  preternatural,  beyond  natural, 
pro  signifies  for  ; as,  pronoun,  for  a noun, 
proto  signifies  first ; as,  protomartyr,  the  first  martyr, 
quad  signifies  four  ; as,  quadrangle,  four  angled, 
re  signifies  again  or  back  ; as,  reappear,  to  appear, 
again ; rebound,  to  bound  back. 

rect  } signify  right  \ rectangle,  right  angle, 
recti  S or  straight ; as,  \ rectilinear,  straight  lined. 

retro  signifies  6ac/c;  as,  retroaction,  back  action. 

semi  ')  C semicircle,  half  circle, 

demi  > signify  half;  as,  < demitone,  half  a tone. 

Iiemi  ; r hemisphere,  half  a sphere. 

stereo  signifies  solid  ; as,  stereot3q)e,  solid  type. 

siib  > signify  zmc/er,  i subcommittee,  under  committee 
stif  3 less^  or  after  ; as,  \ suffix,  to  fix  after. 

super  \ signify  over,  or  ^ superhuman,  more  than  human. 
Siir  S ^ore  than  ; as,  ( surcharge,  overcharge. 

trans  signifies  across,  again,  or  through;  as,  transatlon* 
tic,  across  the  Atlantic;  transform,  to  form 
again ; transfix,  to  fix  through, 
signifies  three  ; as,  triangled,  three  angled 
signifies  not ; as,  unable,  not  able. 

Q* 


iiu 


:02 


ANALYTICAL 


ALPHABETICAL  ARRANGEMENT 

OF  THE  SI7FFIXES. 


JTJ*  The  figures  refer  to  the  signification  of  the  suffixes 


able 

6 

ess 

9 

1 nic 

15 

ac 

15 

full 

23 

ness 

24 

age 

13 

^'y 

14 

ock 

22 

ar 

15 

head 

16 

oid 

25 

an 

8 

hood 

16 

or 

8 

ance 

4 

lan 

8 

ory 

26 

ant 

7 

ible 

6 

ous 

17 

ar 

15 

ic 

15 

ress 

9 

ary 

15 

ile 

15 

ric 

27 

ast 

8 

ing 

2 

san 

8 

ate 

11 

ion 

12 

ship 

28 

ble 

6 

ish 

19 

some 

31 

cle 

22 

ism 

18 

ster 

10 

cy 

4 

ist 

8 

tial 

15 

dom 

27 

ite 

8 

tion 

12 

ed 

1 

ive 

17 

tude 

29 

ee 

8 

ix 

9 

ture 

12 

eer 

8 

ize 

14 

33 

en 

14 

kin 

22 

ude 

29 

ence 

4 

less 

20 

ule 

22 

ent 

7 

ling 

22 

ure 

12 

er 

10 

iy 

5 

ward 

32 

ery 

30 

ment 

12 

y 

21 

SIGNIFICATION  OF  THE  SUFFIXES. 

1 ejL^  when  it  forms  the  termination  of  a verb,  signifies 

did ; as,  played,  did  play  ; but  when  it  is 
the  termination  of  a participle,  it  signifies 
was  ; as,  completed,  was  finished. 

2 ing^  when  it  is  the  termination  of  a participle,  signi- 

fies continuing;  as  walking,  continuing  to 
walk. 


OflTHOGRAniY. 


103 


3 5,  wlien  they  form  the  plural  of  a noun,  means 
inort  than  one ; as  books,  more  than  one  book 

\ a7icej  ancy^  ency^  cy^  ity^  ty^  ude^  signify  the  stcde^ 
condition^  act  of^  or  the  thing  : endurance,  the 
state  of  enduring ; ability,  the  condition  of 
being  able ; insolvency,  the  state  of  being  in 
solvent ; safety,  the  condition  of  being  safe. 

5 ly  signifies  like^  when  joined  to  a noun  ; as  manly, 

like  a man ; but  when  it  is  a suffix  to  an  ad- 
jective, it  signifies  in  a manner  ; as  calmly,  in 
a calm  manner. 

6 able^  ihle^  hle^  signify  capable  of  beings  or  that  may  be  : 

as  returnable,  that  may  be  returned. 

7 ant^  ent^  when  they  form  nouns,  signify  the  person  or 

thing  ; as  defendant,  the  person  who  defends  ; 
component,  the  thing  composed  ; but  when 
an  adjective  is  formed  by  the  addition  of  these 
suffixes,  they  can  generally  be  defined  by  ing 

8 ast^  ee^  cer^  ian^  ist^  ite^  or^  san^  generally  imply  th 

perso7i  who;  as 

European,  a person  who  lives  in  Europe  ; 
payee,  trie  person  to  whom  money  is  paid  ; 
auctioneer,  the  person  who  sells  at  auction  ; 
physician,  the  person  who  practices  medicine; 
fatalist,  a person  who  believes  in  fate ; 
Campbellite,  a person  who  believes  the  doctrinef 
of  Campbell ; 

actor,  the  person  who  acts ; 

partisan,  the  person  who  adheres  to  a party. 

9 esSf  ressj  ix^  imply  a female^  as 

lioness,  a female  lion ; 
instructress,  a female  instructer  ; 
administratrix,  a female  who  administrates. 


104 


ANALYTICAL 


iO  6?j  signifies  the  'person  who^  except  when  it  forms 
the  comparative  degree  of  an  adjective ; as 
speaker,  the  person  who  speaks. 

. 1 ale  when  it  forms  a verb  with  a primitiva,  signi- 
fies to  make;  as  predestinate. 

12  ion  ment^  ure^  signify  staze^  or  act;  as 

location,  the  act  of  locating. 

13  age^  denotes  the  condition  or  reward ; as 

pupilage,  the  condition  of  a pupil ; 
brokerage,  the  reward  of  a broker. 

14  ize^  signify  to  make;  as 
blacken,  to  make  black  ; 
brutify,  to  made  one  a brute ; 
immortalize,  to  make  immortal 

15  al^  ac^  ar,  ary^  ic^  ile^  ial^  usually  pertaining  to  , 

demoniac,  consular,  planetary,  syllabic, 
infantile,  partial. 

{ 6 head^  hood^  signify  character^  or  state ; as 
Godhead,  manhood. 

17  ive^  ous^  iniply  tending  to  or  having  the  quality  cf ; 

oppressive,  tending  to  oppress  ; 
solicitous,  having  the  quality  to  solicit. 

18  ism^  generally  signifies  doctrine  or  peculiar  to ; as 

Calvinism,  the  doctrine  of  Calvin. 

19  ish^  implies  somewhat  or  characteristic  of ; as 

orownish,  somewhat  brown  ; 

Swedish,  characteristic  of  a Swede. 

20  denotes  destitute  of  or  without ; as 

hopeless,  without  hope. 

21  y,  implies  plenty  or  abounding  in  ; as 

wealthy,  abounding  in  wealth ; 
smolry , plenty  of  smoke 


ORTHOGRAniY. 


105 


22  Img  kin^  cle^  ock^  ule^  import  Utile  or  young , as 

duckling,  a little  duck  ; 
lambkin,  a little  lamb  ; 
particle,  a small  part  ; 
hillock,  a little  hill ; 
globule,  a little  globe 

23  full^  signifies  full  of ; as 

sorrowful,  full  of  sorrow. 

24  ?iess^  signifies  the  quality  of  the  state  of ; as 

whiteness,  the  quality  of  being  white  ; 
willingness,  the  state  of  being  willing. 

25  oif  denotes  resewhlmg  ; as 

spheroid,  resembling  a sphere. 

26  ory^  implies  having  the  quality  of ; as 

vibratory,  having  the  quality  of  vibrating. 

27  nc,  dom^  denote  office  ; as 

bishropric,  the  office  of  a bishop  ; 
kingdom,  the  office  of  a king. 

28  shif^  signifies  the  condition  ; as 

stewardship,  the  condition  of  a steward  ; 
professorship,  the  condition  of  a professor, 

29  tude^  ude^  signify  the  state  of  being  ; as 

similitude,  the  state  of  being  similar. 

30  eryy  usually  signifies  an  act ; as 

witchery,  the  art  of  a witch  ; 
cookery,  the  art  of  a cook. 

31  some^  implies  full  of;  as 

quarrelsome,  full  of  quarreling. 

32  wanrd^  implies  to  or  towards ; as 

westward,  towards  the  west 

13  ity^  ty^  signify  the  condition  of  being ; as 

perplexity,  the  condition  of  being  perplexed 

Note. — There  are  some  exceptions  to  the  foregoing  definitione, 
Oiid  therefore  the  judgment  must  be  exerch-td  in  applying  them  to 
me  anfJvde  of  words. 


106 


ANALYTICAL 


The  following  is  the  mode  of  analyzing  derivative 
words. 


ANALYSIS. 

Alike — Simple,  derivative  word,  from 

like^  the  primitive  pan,  meaning  similar^  and 
a,  a prefix,  eignifying  to. 

Alike,  tlierefore,  means  similar  to. 

Uiseyllable,  accent  on  the  last. 

Abide — Simple,  derivative  word,  from 

bide^  the  primitive  part,  meaning  to  remain^  and 
a,  a prefix,  signifying  at. 

Abiae.^  therefore,  means  to  remain  at. 

Dissyllable,  accent  on  the  last, 
a — vowel,  long  sound. 

b — cons.,  mt,  lab.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  t. 
i — vowel,  long  sound. 

d — CA)ne.,  niL,  ling.,  cbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  i. 
e — vowel,  silent  Rule  2. 
a bid 
bide 

Abide. 

The  following  are  most  of  the  words  having  a for  a 
prefix : 

EXAMPLES  FOR  ANALYSIS. 


’board 

top 

maze  ed 

drift 

bed 

nights 

far 

midst 

piece 

float 

slant 

right 

grounu 

sleep 

kin 

1 light  ed  ing 

slope 

like 

loft 

thirst 

back 

mend  ed  ing 

bide  ing 

down 

pace 

breast 

fore 

shore 

head 

stern 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 


107 


ioriginal-ality-ally—alness-atod-ating-ation. 
erring-ed-able-ableness-antry-atio-atical-atically 
or-ed-ancy-ant-ation. 

ANALYSIS. 

/I  d joins — Simple,  derivative  word  from 

pin^  the  primitive  part,  meaning  to  unite. 

ad^  a prefix,  signifying  to. 
adjoin — to  unite  to. 

#,  a suflEix,  signifying  doe^. 
adjoins — does  join  to. 

Dissyllable,  accent  on  the  lavst. 


EXAMPLES  FOR  ANALYSLS. 


ad 


af 


"join 

C location 

judge 

aJ  < lot 

measure 
< minister 

( lure 

mix 

venture 

an  —numerate 

verb 

"cord 

i position 
* ( proximate 

credit 

...  S ‘^''d 

J cumulate 

1 curse 
custom 
quiesce 

rfix 

J 

I fright 

L freight 

C glomerate 

1 tune 

>ed  ing 


( group 


108 


ANALYTICAL 


ANALYSIS 

Afiteiiiericliaii— Simple,  derivative  word^  from 
meridian^  the  primiLve  part,  meaning  noon 
ante,  a prefix,  signifying  before 
antemeridian^  before  noon. 

Polysyllable,  accent  on  the  first  and  fourth. 


EXAMPLES  FOR  ANALYSIS. 


ante 


act 

chamber 

date  d 

diluvian 

meridian 

mandane 

nuptial 

past 

penult 

room 


bi 


^fold  ed 
form  ed 
lateral 
literal 
J nominal 
] partable 
pedal 
quadrate 
section  al 
valve  ed 


anti^ 


L 


Christ  lan 

climax 

contagious 

federal  ist  ism 

mason  ry  ic 

democratic 

ministerial 

monarchical 

papal 

patriotic 

pestilential 

republican  ism 

revolution  ary 

scorbutic 

scripture  aJ 

social 

spasmodic 

trinitarian  ism 

type  ical 


upa 


angular 

distant 

lateral 

liberate 

noise 


judicial 
mundane 
ordinary  ly 
parochial 
regular 


her.  angular 


borean 
erme  al 


ORTHOGRArHY. 


109 


ANALYSIS 


Counterpoised — Simple,  derivative  word,  from 
poise,  the  primitive  part,  meaning  to  balance. 

ed,  a suffix,  signifying  did, 
poisedj  did  balance. 

counter,  a prefix,  signifying  opposite 
Counterpoise,  did  balance  opposite. 


contra 


( dance 
( distinguish 


'act 
balance 
charm 
check 
march 
mark 
mine 

counter*^  petition 
plea 
plot 
poise 
project 
revolve 
view 
work 


circum  < 


navigate  ion 
ed  ing 
polar 
^ rotary 


di  i tone  ed 
dis  ^ syllable 


>*er  ed  ing 


dia-metrical 


ANALYSIS. 

Disability — Simple,  derivative  word,  from 
able,  the  primitive  part,  meaning  capable. 

ity,  a suffix,  signifying  the  state, 
ability  the  slate  of  being  capable. 

dis,  a prefix,  signifying  not, 
disability,  the  state  of  not  being  capable. 

Polysyllable,  accent  on  the  third  and  firsi:. 

There  are  over  one  hundred  words  to  which  dis  is  joined 
as  a prefix,  A few  only  are  given,  as  follows  : 


110 


ANALYTICAL 


' abuse 

burden 

en  tangle 

relish  " 

allow 

close 

en  throne 

satisfy 

J agree 

compose 

esteem 

taste 

I appoint 

connect 

gorge 

use 

avow 

em  bark  honor 

trust 

hand 

en  able 

inherit 

robe 

ANALYSIS 


Uouc^Mtratioii — Simple,  derivative  word,  from 

centre — the  primitive,  meaning  a 'point  in  the  middle. 

con — a prefix,  signifying  with  or  together, 
concentre — to  come  together  to  a point. 

ate — a suffix,  signifying  to  make  or  cause. 
concentrate — to  cause  to  come  together  to  a point 
ion — a sutfix,  signifying  the  act. 
concentration — the  act  of  bringing  together  to  a point 
Polysyllable,  accent  on  the  third  and  first* 


centre  ate  ation 

'mingle  ed  ing 

cession 

minute 

citation 

mission  ed  ing 

cord  ance 

mix  ture  ing 

dense  ed 

com-^ 

motion 

descend  ing  ly 

patriot 

doled 

peer 

duplicate  ion 

plot 

federate  ion 

^ press  ed  ing  ion 

figure  ation 
firm  ed  ation 

col  1 

) lapse  ed  ing 

fix 

I locate  ion 

glomerate  ion 
join  ed  ing 

cor  < 

j relative 

tribute  ion  ed 

\ respond  ing  ed 

* Tne  syllable  on  which  the  primary  accent  is  placed  is  always  men* 
nons^l  first 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


11] 


ANALYSIS. 

Elapsing — Simple,  derivative  word,  from 

lapse — the  primitive  part,  meaning  to  glide  , 
e,  a primitive,  signitying  out  or  away  ; 
elapse — to  glide  out  or  away. 

ing — a suffix,  signifying  continuing  ; 
elapsing — continuing  to  glide  away. 
Trisyllable,  accent  on  the  second. 


EXAMPLES  FOR  ANALYSIS. 


' lapse 

1 

migrate 

bale 

' able 

numerate 

balm 

act 

radiate 

bark 

camp 

radicate 

battle 

case 

vanish 

.2 

blaze 

danger 

^vaporate 

(n 

body 

feeble 

} be 

em< 

bowel 

force  I 

k port 

bolden^^*^ 

joy  r 

f press 

bovver 

kindle 

park 

large 

'face 

plaster 

noble 

feminate 

poison 

rage 

fluent 

power 

rich 

flux 

purple 

&:c, 

. fuse 

j 

ed  mg 
er  s 
men* 


Note. — The  analysis  of  most  of  the  examples  given  shoald  he 
«vritten  in  a blank  book  kept  for  that  purpose.  TTnis  exercise  wifi 
enable  the  student,  in  a very  short  time,  to  become  familiar  with  the 
citeral  meaning  of  most  of  the  words  in  the  English  language;  be- 
sides, the  spelling  will  be  more  permanently  impressed  upon  his 
memory,  by  the  act  oi  writing  each  aynstituent  part  several  times  m 
the  course  of  analyzing  one  word. 


112 


AJNALYTICAL 


ANALYSIS 

fisnacctiracy — Simple,  derivative  word,  from 
accurate^  the  primitive  part,  meaning  correct ; 

cy,  a suffix,  signifying  the  condition  ; 
accuracy^  the  condition  of  correctness  ; 

in,  a prefix,  signifying  not ; 
inojccnrcucy^  not  in  a condition  of  correctness 
Polysyllable,  accent  on  the  second. 


EXAMPLES  FOR  ANALYSIS 

'Phere  are  about  240  words  having  in  as  a prefix,  and 
over  60  with  m,  a few  of  which  are  given  below. 

Many  of  the  following  examples  are  not  primitive,  but 
have  a suffix  attached  to  the  primitive  part. 


cage  ^ 

'affable 

cavate 

applicable 

close 

capable 

cloud  i 

compatible 

crust 

comprehensible 

dent 

compressible 

dwell 

conceivable 

fold 

condensible 

< graft 

Od  S . ; 

r ;n<r 

curable 

gulf 

mg 

destructible 

lay 

excusable 

scribe 

exhaustible 

sight 

extricable 

snare 

fallible 

spirit 

feasible 

still 

flexible 

_ t wme 

sensible 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 


l\6 


ANALYSIS. 

Predestination — Simple,  derivative  word,  from 
(Xestine^  the  primitive  part,  meaning  to  doom  ; 

prt,  a prefix,  signifying  before  ; 
jredesiim  to  doom  before  ; 

ate^  a suffix,  signifying  to  make  ; 
predestinate,  to  make,  or  cause  to  be  doomed  before  , 
ion.  a suffix,  signifying  the  act  of; 
predestination.,  the  act  of  making  doomed  beforehand 
Polysyllable,  accent  on  the  fourth  and  first. 


EXAMPLES  FOR  ANALYSIS. 


admonish 

compose 

dispose 

require 

suppose 


ition 
^ed  s 
ing 


access 

act 

admit 

animate 

assert 


Hon 


pre*< 


destine 

determine 

design 

examine 

figure 

meditate 

nominate 

occupy 

ordain 


ation 
^ed  s 
ing 


acquaint  ^ ance 

exist  > or 

eminent  S ence 


I 

re^ 


adjust 

appoint 

apportion 

assign 

commence 


ment 
>-ed  s 
ing 


build 

claim 

conduct 

pay 

produce 

view 

unite 


1 

er  ed 
ing 


10' 


114 


ANALYTICAL 


ANALYSIS 

Subjoined— Simple,  derivative  word,  from 
the  primitive  part,  signifying  to  unite  , 
ed^  a suffix,  signifying  was 
joined^  was  united ; 

suh^  a prefix,  signifying  after  , 
subjoined^  was  joined  after. 

Diss}  liable,  accent  on  tlie  last. 


EXAMPLES  FOR  ANALYSIS 


divide 

join 

merge 

merse 

scribe 

serve 

sign 


ed  s 
Mng  er 


s\\b< 


deacon 

committee 

dean 

sequence 


1 


acid 

aquatic 

jaccnt 

lingual 

marine 

species 

stratum 

terraneous 


eminent 

excellent 

fine 

human 

incumbent 


ry 


super 


abound 

add 

induce 

saturate 

scribe 


, ed  s 

^ng 


cargo 

structure 


angelic 

lunar 

mundane 

royal 

stratum 

abundant 


Iran  8 


' atiantic 

J scribe  ed  s ing 
I lucid  ly 
^ plant  ed  s ing 


form  ed  s ing 
figure  ed  s ing 
ship  ed  s ing  ment 
migrate  ed  s ing  ion 


ORTHOGRAPHY. 


115 


THE  FUIX  ANALYSIS  AND  SYNTHESIS  OF 
A WORD. 

lTiikuowiiij;*ly — Simple,  derivative  word,  from 
kmyiD^  the  primitive  part,  meaning  to  understand  ; 

ing^  a suffix,  signifying  continuing  ; 
knowing,  continuing  to  understand  ; 

ly,  a suffix,  signifying  in  a wanner  ; 
imowingiy^  in  an  understanding  manner  ; 

un,  a prefix,  signifying  not , 
unknowingly,  not  in  an  understanding  manner. 
Polysyllable  accent  on  the  second. 

n — vowel,  short  sound  ; 

n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  w s 
k — consonant,  silent  after  n ; Rule  8. 
n — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  o ; 
ow — digraph,  w silent,  o long  sound  ; 
i — vowel,  short  sound  ; 

ng — cons.,  semi.,  pal.,  sbv.,  consequent  to  its  vowel  i, 

I — cons.,  semi.,  ling.,  sbv.,  antecedent  to  its  vowel  y; 
y — vowel,  short  sound. 

u n no  1 ng  I I 

im  know  ing  ly 

unknow  unknowing  tiiikiiowlMgly. 

There  are  about  two  thousand  words  having  un  for  u 
prefix.  They  may  be  found  in  any  dictionary,  and  some 
of  them  on  almost  every  page  in  an}^  book.  It  is  there- 
fore thought  not  necessary  to  give  a list  of  them. 


RULES  FOR  SPELLING, 


taken  from  different  authors. 


Rule  i. — Monosyllables  ending  in  /,  or  5 prece 
ded  by  a single  vowel,  double  the  final  consonant ; as 
staffs  spell^  mill — except  if^  of^  as^  gas^  has.  was.  3/cs, 

his^  this^  us^  thus. 

Rule  ii. — Words  ending  in  any  other  consonants  than 
/,  /,  or  .9,  do  not  double  the  final  letter — except  add^ 
odd^  ebb,  egg,  inn,  err,  hunn,  purr,  butt,  buzz.  fuzz. 

Rule  iii. — Monosyllables,  and  words  accented  on  the 
last  syllable,  when  they  end  with  a single  consonant, 
preceded  by  a single  vowel,  double  their  final  conso 
nants  before  a suifix  that  begins  with  a vowel ; as  fog 
foggy  ; begin,  beginner — xis  an  exception. 

Rule  iv. — A final  consonant,  when  it  is  not  preceded 
by  a single  vowel,  or  when  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last 
-syllable,  should  remain  single  before  a suffix ; toil, 
toiling  ; visit,  visited,  visiting. 

Rule  v. — Silent  e,  when  the  final  letter  must  be 
dropped  before  the  addition  of  suffixes  beginning  with 
a vowel ; as  debate,  debatable — except  words  ending  in 
ce,  and  ge  ; as  peace,  peaceable  ; outrage,  outrageous 

Rule  vi. — When  a word  ending  in  silent  e has  a 
suffix  added  to  it  beginning  with  a consonant,  the  e is 
retained — except  abridge,  acknowledge,  argue,  awe,  due, 
judge,  lodge,  true,  whole. 

Rule  .VII. — When  a termination  is  added  to  a word 
ending  in  y,  preceded  by  a consonant,  the  y is  changed 
toi;  as  try  .trial — except  when  the  termination  ing  is 
added. 

Rule  vm. — Compound  words  generally  retain  the 
orthography  of  the  simple  words  of  which  they  are 
composed 


4 

r 


117 


RULES 

TUIINEP  INTO  RHYME. 


RULE  L 

^ Those  monosyllables  which  end 

In/,  or  s,  or 
After  a single  vowel  do, 

With  double  letters  spell — 

• Except  a dozen  little  words. 

And  these  are  mentioned  thus ; 

To  wit : this^  gas^  of,  his,  idos,  yes 
if,  thus,  is,  has,  us. 

RULE  II. 

But  words,  with  other  consonants 
^ Than  f or  s,  or  /, 

Their  final  letters  double  not 
When  rightly  them  we  spell — 

Except  ten  words,  which  we  may  know 
^ Wherever  they  occur ; 

And  here  they  are : add,  odd.  butt,  err, 
Inn,  egg  buzz^  ebb  bunn,  purr. 

RULE  m. 

Those  monosyllables  and  words 
With  accent  on  the  last, 

When  ending  in  one  consonant 
Aftei  one  vowel  placed, 


118 


Double  this  final  consonant, 

When  suffixes  are  added 
'beginning  with  a vowel ; as 
In  foggy,  gimner,  padded, 

RULE  IV. 

‘^ut  final  consonants  which  have 
Two  vow'els  them  preceding, 

(Or  words  not  having  accent  lost) 
Are  doubled  not ; as  pteadrmg* 

RULE  V. 

Ail  words  in  silent  final  e, 

(But  ce  and  ge,) 

Drop  e before  suffixes,  whose 
Initials,  vowels  be. 

RULE  VI. 

But  words  in  silent,  final  c, 

When  suffixes  connect. 

Beginning  with  a consonant, 

Do  not  the  e reject — 

Except  the  following  useful  words, 
And  they  are  but  a few: 

Awe,  argiie,  judge,  due,  lodge,,  abridge 
Acknowledge,,  v'fhole,,  and  time, 

RULE  VII. 

A termination  added  to 
A word  which  ends  in 
Preceded  by  a consonant, 

Changes  that  y to  i ; 

As  try  to  trial,  dry  to  dried  ; 

Except  the  suffix  ing, 

Which  changes  not  the  y to  L, 

As  hurry,  hurrying. 


119 


RECOMMENDATIONS 

OF  THE  FIRST  EDITION  * 

[From  the  Rome  Sentinel,] 

Whight’s  Analytical  Orthography. — This  work  is  a 
little  volume  on  the  elements  of  the  English  language^  of 
which  Mr.  A.  D.  Wright,  the  Principal  of  the  Female  Sem 
inary,  located  in  this  village,  is  the  author.  We  have  been 
able  to  give  the  work  only  a cursory  examination,  but  having 
enjoyed  an  opportunity  to  witness  the  facility  with  which  its 
principles  may  be  taught  and  applied,  it  is  but  just  to  say 
that  it  is  believed  the  public  would  be  benefitted  by  a 
more  intimate  and  extensive  acquaintance  with  it,  and  that 
its  general  introduction  into  our  schools  would  render  the 
acquisition  of  the  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  orthoepy 
and  orthography  much  more  easy  and  interesting.  The 
rules  of  orthography  are  so  far  practical  as  to  be  applied  to 
some  extent  on  every  occasion  when  a word  is  articulated. 

This  science  is  the  corner-stone  of  the  language ; and 
yet  how  badly  taught!  how  poorly  understood!  This 
effect,  however  has  resulted  almost  necessarily  from  the 
manner  in  which  the  subject  has  been  considered  in  the 
various  systems  which  have  treated  upon  it.  It  has  been 
made  an  uninteresting,  and  to  many  pupils  an  unintelligible 
study.  And  they  have  more  frequently  deemed  it  an  irk- 
some and  useless  task  to  make  themselves  acquainted  with 
it,  than  they  have  taken  in  it  the  smallest  interest,  oi 
thought  it  of  ihe  least  utility. 

In  Mr.  Wright’s  work  these  difRculiies  seem  to  be  obvia 
ted,  the  subject  is  considered  in  a simple,  easy,  and  system- 
atic manner,  and  would  seem  to  be  intelligible  to  learners 
of  every  age.  By  this  system  the  student  is  readily  enabled 
so  to  analyze  words  as  to  understand  and  define  the  office 

* For  recommendations  to  this  Edition,  see  pages  \25-6 


120 


and  power  of  each  letter  of  which  they  are  composed  and 
in  fine,  die  work  seems  well  calculated  to  elucidate  the  cub 
ject  on  which  it  treats. 

[From  the  Common  School  Assistant  ] 

‘ Elements  of  the  English  Language  ; or  Analyt- 
ical Orthography.” — The  two  prominent  and  distinguish 
ing  features  of  this  work  are,  first,  the  elemental  sounds  ol 
language  are  assumed  as  a basis  ; and,  secondly,  the  prince 
pies  of  ortliography  and  orthoepy  are  applied  directly  to  words 
and  to  tetters  while  standing  in  words  by  a regular  system. 

Wlulo  the  importance  of  orthography  is  admitted,  it  is 
known  tx)  parents  and  teachers  that  it  is  too  much  neglected 
by  scholars,  because  they  seldom  succeed  in  understanding 
the  application  of  the  abstract  principles.  These  difficul- 
ties are  obviated  by  the  attractive  system  of  application  in 
this  work. 

It  has  been  examined  by  some  of  the  most  learned  ana 
popular  teachers  in  the  country,  and  by  them  pronounced  tc 
be  a work  of  great  excellence,  and  one  that  is  destined  im- 
mediately to  take  a stand  among  the  most  valuable  school 
books  extant. 


[From  Rev.  W.  W.  Ninde,  Pastor  of  the  1st  Society  of  the 
Methodist  E.  Church  in  Rome.] 

April  16, 

Every  judicious  attempt  to  leach  the  elemental  principles 
of  the  English  Language,  must  be  hailed  with  pleasure  by 
the  learned,  and  facilitate  the  improvement  of  the  student. 
From  a hurried  examination  of  Mr.  Wright’s  work,  and  from 
listening  to  a recitation  by  his  class  in  Orthography,  I have 
satisfied  myself  that  his  system  of  instruction  on  this  subject, 
cannot  fail  materially  to  aid  in  respect  both  to  composition 
and  elocution.  Two  important  advantages  cannot  fiiil  to  be 
secured,  viz : a correct  dejinitiori  of  words.,  and  good  spelling. 
With  the  suggested  improvements  in  the  forthcoming 
edition  I think  Mr  Wright’s  work — perfectly  unique  in  its 


I 


121 

character — will  be  found  fully  adequate  to  the  end  proposed 
and  happily  adapted  to  the  use  of  both  teacher  and  scholar 
in  this  primary  and  important  study  of  the  mother  ton^ie. 
Mr.  Wright  is  known  here  to  be  a highly  practical  and  suo 
cessfu)  teacher. 


Aurora^  May  20^/i, 

Mr.  Wright — Dear  Sir:  I have  examined  your  * Ana- 
lytical Orthography,”  and  am  well  pleased  with  the  work. 
It  is  in  my  view  well  adapted  to  accomplish  the  object  you 
I propose.  For  those  who  design  to  teach,  it  is  an  admirable 

auxiliary.  To  scholars  of  sufficient  age  to  discriminate  the 
different  sounds  of  the  several  vowels  and  consonants,  with 
some  understanding  of  the  circumstances  on  which  they 
► depend,  it  must  be  exceedingly  valuable.  The  exercises 

will  necessarily  lead  them  to  perceive,  and  give  them  the 
ability  to  assign  a reason  for  the  manner  in  which  words 
ought  to  be  pronounced.  And,  finally,  it  will  enable  stu- 
dents readily  to  distinguish  between  primitive  and  deriva- 
tive, simple  and  compound  words,  in  all  cases. 

Yours,  &c. 

SALEM  TOWN, 

Author  of  Analysis^  Spelling  Book,  etc, 


[From  Rev.  Loren  L.  Knox,  A.  M.,  Principal  of  Gouverneur 
Wesleyan  Seminary,  May  5th,  1842.] 

Mr.  a.  D.  Wright — Sir:  I have  examined  your  “ Ana- 
^ lytical  Orthography”  with  considerable  attention,  and  do  not 

hesitate  to  speak  in  its  favor.  1 think  you  have  hit  upon 
the  true  method  of  teaching  the  English  alphabet.  To 
know  the  nature  of  a thing,  is  more  important  always,  than 
to  know  only  its  name.  Your  book  has  been  used  with 
good  success  in  this  Seminary. 

^ [From  Rev,  Harrison  Miller,  A.  M.,  Principal  of  Carthapfo  Academy,] 

December  20th^ 

Dear  Sir — I have  used  your  work  on  Orthography  since 
\ ou  were  here,  and  am  highly  pleased  with  the  plan  and 

\ U 


122 


matter  of  it.  I meet  with  no  difficulty  in  teaching  Ortliog- 
ra})hy  successfully  and  pleasantly,  on  your  plan,  and  am 
truly  tlianklul  that  such  a method  has  been  devised. 

1 find  wherever  it  has  been  introduced  into  the  common 
Scliools  in  this  vicinity,  they  are  well  pleased  with  it,  and 
speak  of  it  with  great  approbation. 

(From  S.  R.  Sweet,  Teacher,  and  Professor  of  Elocution.] 

April  2Qtk^ 

I have  been  somewhat  familiar  with  Mr.  A.  D.  Wright’s 
Analytical  Orthography  since  its  first  publication.  I deem 
it  a work  of  merit  on  an  important  subject,  and  would 
recommend  it  to  ail  who  wish  to  become  acquainted  with 
the  nature  and  power  of  letters  and  the  principles  of  orthog- 
raphy. 

The  second  edition,  now  in  press,  is  much  improved,  and 
with  the  addition  of  such  improvements  from  time  to  time  in 
the  succeeding  editions,  as  the  lights  of  experience  may  fur- 
nish, 1 am  confident  it  will  be  acceptable  to  the  friends  of 
education,  and  become  a standard  work  in  our  schools  and 
seminaries  of  learning. 

[Extract  from  a recommendation  by  Miss  D.  Mills,  Teacher.] 

Mr.  Wright,  in  reducing  Orthography  to  a regular  sys- 
tem, has  elevated  it  to  a science.  The  little  book,  entitled 
^ Analytical  Orthography,”  will  bear  the  most  familiar 
acquaintance  without  falling  in  the  estimation  of  teachers, 
and  though  contained  in  comparatively  small  dimensions  it 
is  no  less  a great  work. 

Recommendations  for  the  Second  Edition. 

Canastota.,  July  9, 

Dear  Sir — I have  attentively  examined  the  second  edi 
rion  of  your  Analytical  Orthography,  and  am  specially  and 
highly  pleased  with  it.  When  I commenced  visiting  scliools,  1 
soon  found  that  all  our  teachers,  with  but  very  few  exceptions, 
were  very  deficient  in  the  elements  and  rudiments  of  our  lan- 
guage, and  at  the  same  time  were  teaching  them.  I found  it 


123 


in  v-ain  to  call  the  attention  of  teachers  and  scliolars  to  tliia 
evil ; for  tne  reason,  ihat  t.liere  were  no  books  adapted  to 
the  use  of  common  schools.  Rusli’s  Philosophy  of  the 
Voice,  and  Barber’s  Elocution  were  too  voluminous  for 
children;  there  was.  therefore,  an  apparent  barrier  in  the 
way  of  this  important  branch  of  education.  But  i am  happy 
tx)  learn  that  your  second  edition  above  spoken  of  is  admi- 
rably adapted  to  the  wants  of  primary  schools,  and  will  be 
usefully  instrumental  in  revolutionizing  the  study  of  the 
elements  of  our  language.  With  it,  a knowledge  of  orthog- 
raphy, which  has  ever  been  a drudgery  and  a discouragement 
to  children,  will  be  easy,  pleasing,  and  triumphant,  and  the 
organs  of  speech  and  their  functions  will  be  understood.  In 
short,  I recommend  it  as  a work  invaluable  in  its  intended 
place,  and  hope  it  may  be  universally  introduced  into  our 
common  schools.  If  this  shall  be  done,  and  attention  be 
given  it,  the  common  and  true  saying  that  “ we  have  but 
few  good  readers  and  speakers,”  will  soon  be  heard  no  more 
Yours,  &c., 

THO.  BARLOW,  Dep^y  SuperH  Madison  Co. 

Albert  D.  Wright. 


Phoenix^  July  2, 

Mr.  a.  [).  Wright — Dear  Sir:  I have  examined  the 
‘ First  Part”  of  your  Analysis.  It  is  just  the  thing  we  want 
in  our  schools.  I hope  you  will  soon  have  agents  located 
in  different  parts  of  our  Country,  and  1 think  there  will  be 
QO  difficulty  in  introducing  it  into  our  schools. 

Yours  respectfully, 

O,  W.  RANDALL,  DepH  SupePt  Owsego  O) 
Mexico.,  July  5, 

Dear  Sir — After  a thorough  examination  of  your  System 
of  Orthography,  I consider  it  well  adapted  to  the  capacity 
of  learners.  This  work,  or  something  similar,  should  be 
mtroduced  into  every  school. 

Yours,  &c., 

D.  P.  TALMADGE  DepH  SupePt  Oswego  Co. 


124 


Mr.  a.  D.  Wright — Dear  Sir:  I have  long  been  aware 
Jhat  a good  elementary  treatise  on  Practical  Elocution  is  a 
desideratum  among  the  text  books  of  our  country.  It  waf 
with  pleasure,  therefore,  that  I received  the  announcement 
of  your  forthcoming  publication.  From  what  examination 
I have  been  able  to  make  of  the  sheets  put  into  my  hands 
I am  persuaded  that  your  little  work,  when  completed,  wifi 
deserve  and  receive  a general  patronage.  Its  method  if 
simple,  style  easy,  and  principles  correct.  It  is  well  calcu- 
lated, as  1 believe,  to  supply  a great  deficiency,  which  has 
long  been  felt,  to  the  serious  injury  of  multitudes. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  JOHN  J.  BUTLER, 
Principal  o f the  Clinton  Seininary,  Oneida,  Co.^  JV.  V, 

Clinton,  July  12,  1842. 

Onandaga  flollow,  JiUy  oth, 

Mr.  a.  D.  Wright — Sir:  I have  examined  with  some 
attention  your  system  of  “ Analytical  Orthography,”  and 
feel  satisfied  that  your  theory  is  the  true  one.  As  such,  it 
has  my  cordial  approbation.  With  my  best  wishes  for  your 
success,  I remain,  Yours  truly,  J.  L.  HENDRICK, 

Pr'incipal  of  Onondaga  Academy. 

Cazenovia..  July  21, 

Mr.  a.  D.  Wright — Dear  Sir:  I have  been  permitted 
by  the  kindness  of  the  publishers,  to  examine,  in  sheets,  the 
greater  part  of  the  second  edition  of  your  Analytical 
Orthography.  Our  institutions,  particularly  our  common 
schools,  have  long  felt  the  need  of  a good  work  on  Orthog- 
raphy ; and  from  what  I have  seen  of  it,  I am  happy  to  say 
it  answers  my  expectations  ; and  I shall  use  my  influence 
as  I have  done  in  anticipation  of  its  merits,  to  have  it  intro 
duced  into  our  schools  without  delay. 

A.  B.  CANFIELD.  Teacher  O.  C.  Seminary. 

Cazenovia.  April  19. 

Mu.  Wright, — Sir : As  to  analyze  is  to  learn — is  the  onlj/ 
road  to  literarv"  eminence,  all  text  books  should  be  analjmc 


125 


cliose,  especially,  wliich  we  put  into  the  hands  of  youth  at 
an  early  age,  in  order  to  make  analysis  w ith  them  a perma- 
nent habit.  Having  read  your  Analytical  Orthography, 
and  witnessed  its  practical  application  and  utility  in  this  in- 
stitution, 1 fully  concur  in  the  opinion  that  it  supplies  a very 
important  desideratum.  GEORGE  G.  HAPGOOD, 
Principal  Oneida,  Conference  Seminary. 

Albany^  March  18, 

This  IS  to  certify,  that  about  two  weeks  since.  1 organized 
in  my  school  a class  in  Wright’s  Analytical  Orthography’’^ — 
that  Mr.  Wright  met  the  class  daily,  for  a week,  s})ending 
about  an  hour  at  each  lesson — and  that  at  the  close  of  the 
course,  P.  Dwight,  Esq.,  Superintendent  of  Schools,  with 
several  School  officers  of  the  city  and  other  friends  of  educa- 
don,  were  present  at  an  examination  of  the  class,  and  that  all 
expressed  themselves  as  being  highly  gratified  with  the 
result. 

I have  for  several  years  felt  the  want  of  a work  like  this  in 
teaching  the  elements  of  the  language.  The  works  of  Walker, 
Rush,  Barber,  and  others,  are  not  adapted  to  the  wants  of  our 
public  schools  ; consequently  this  study,  which  is  the  (bunda- 
tion  of  good  speaking  and  reading,  has  been  much  neglected. 

This  work  supplies  our  wants  in  this  particular, — it  is 
brought  within  the  reach  of  all,  and  those  who  will,  may  study 
with  the  assurance  that  they  can  understand  and  profit  by  it 
5 speak  with  the  more  confidence  on  this  point  from  having 
tested  it  in  a class.  1 have  never  seen  more  interest  excited 
by  the  introduction  of  a new  work,  than  in  this.  I feel  confi- 
dent that  a fair  trial  will  satisfy  any  one  that  it  is  a work  of 
great  merit,  capable  of  producing,  by  diligent  study,  accom 
plished  readers  and  speakers.  J.  W.  BULKLEY. 

[KxlUict  from  the  Report  of  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  N.  Y.,  to  the  Legislature  of  1844.  Page  155.] 

The  analysis  of  the  sounds  of  the  letters,  is  finely  give 
LQ  Wright’s  Analytical  Orthography.  This  lias  been  used 

11* 


126 


to  considerable  extent.  His  view  of  the  letters  seems  more 
truly  philosophical  than  any  other.  Thus,  to  the  letter  a. 
he  gives  five  sounds,  as  heard  in  the  words  bate^  bcU,  baj\ 
ball^  bare:  or  in  hate,  hat,  hart,  hatl,  hare  or  hair.  Tlie 
sound  of  a,  in  what,  is  that  of  short  o ; and  in  this  case  a ib 
a substitute  for  o.  Sanders,  Webster,  and  most  otliera, 
leave  out  the  sound  of  a in  bare,  fare,  hare  or  hair,  fair, 
Dare  or  pair,  7nare,  fare  or  tear,  rare,  although  this  sound 
is  as  palpable  as  in  the  other  cases.  The  sound  of  ei  in 
vein,  is  the  same  as  a in  vane,  and  ei  is  therefore  a sub- 
stitute for  a;  and  so  of  many  others.  These  views  are  far 
in  advance  of  those  in  the  spelling  books  of  Cobb,  Sanders, 
Webster,  &c.  The  little  work  of  Mr.  Wright  is  deserving 
of  high  commendation.  It  may  be  added,  too,  that  the 
views  of  Dr.  Rush  and  Dr.  Barber,  on  the  vocal  elements, 
nre  far  behind  those  of  Wright  in  this  particular. 

[An  Extract  from  the  jjrocecdings  of  the  Broome  County  Educa- 
tional Society,  held  at  Binghampton,  in  April,  ]844.J 
AVright’s  Analytical  Orthography  is  without  a rival,  li 
is  perfectly  unique  in  its  conception,  and  no  teacher  should 
be  without  a copy.  A pupil  will  learn  more  of  the  power 
of  letters,  by  studying  Mr.  AVright’s  work  for  one  term,  in 
connection  with  his  other  studies,  than  he  would  in  pursuing 
the  course  as  laid  down  in  our  spelling  books,  for  years.  In 
short,  it  is  practicaL  No  good  teacher  will  hesitate  in  say- 
ing, that  Orthography  and  Orthoepy  are  important  branches, 
and  that  they  have  been  very  much  neglected  in  all  of  our 
schools.  Many  instructors  make,  as  an  excuse  for  not  teach- 
ing Orthography  in  their  schools,  that  the  parents  object  to 
it,  thinking  it  a waste  of  time,  and  of  no  use.  This  feeling 
undoubtedly  arises  from  the  fact  that  they  were  taught  Or- 
thography in  the  old  fashioned  hum-drum  course — -‘repeat- 
ing the  fore  part  of  the  spelling  book”  without  a word  of 
explanation  or  illustration  ; — all  presented  to  the  eye,  and 
nothing  to  the  understanding.  Hereafter  a thorough  know- 
ledge of  this  branch  will  be  insisted  upon,  as  a neceasar}’ 
qualification  in  a teacher. 


^r.  » 


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rzL. 


PAVIES’  NEW  PRIMAilY  AEITHMETIO. 

I DAVIES’  NEW  INTELLECTUAL  ARITHKICT^G.  j 
I DAVIES’  ELEMENTS  OF  WRITTEN  ARITEMETIC.  j 
I DAVIES’  NEW  PRACTICAL  ARITHMETIC. 

I DAVIES’  NEW  UNIVERSITY  ARITHMETIC.  j 

I PRIMARY  ARITIDIETIC.  This  work  is  constructed  ''n  the  jj 
< principle  of  object  teaching.  The  combinations  of  nim.bers  j 

Ii:ve  illustrated  by  sensible  objects.  The  nbnd  of  the  pupil  is 
gra  l iMlly  led,  by  a series  of  illustrations,  from  what  is  risible 
and  tangible,  to  the  abstract  properties  of  numbers.  This  work 
1 is  ; pecimen,  in  method,  arrange^ment,  style,  and  typography, 

; c.r  I new  series. 

' ! ' M.*'  iYTELLECTUAL  ARITBMETIC.  This  work  is  construct 

! I ed  on  the  priiiciple,  tliat  every  o|>erHtion  in  Arithmetic  has  ref- 
I erence  to  ihe  unit  1.  "J’he  whole  subject  is  treated  with  reference  ‘ ’ 

I to  this  fact.  'J'he  work  dilfers  essentially  from  the  one  which  ]' 
1 j prec(  derl  it.  It  is,  indeed,  a new  devolopnient  of  the  subject,  and  > 
j*  is  CO’’ lently  commended  to  the  notice  of  teachers.  . . ‘ 

I ELK:ir..>'TS,CF^\rii|p^EN  This  is  a new  work,  i 

j desigi.ed  as  a PradicaV  Introduction  to  the  study  of  Arithmetic, 
j It  explains  the  operations  of  Arithmetic  by  Practical  Examples, 
j ciircluily  selected  and  graded.  It  embnvees  the  five  fundamen- 
I lid  lies.  Common  and  Decimal  Fractions,  and  Denominate  j 

j j 

! PRiCTIClL  AUITIMIETIC.  This  work  is  » carefully  revised  j 

! and  ii'iprovud  edition  of  the  New  Sc-  ool  Arithmetic  Many  il 
[ • hatiges  were  found  necessary,  in  the  cld  vork,  to  bring  it  into  ! | 

j lwirTr.'':\t  bh  the  other  parts  of  the  New  Se  ' It  was,  || 

I tliereli  o,  ceerned  best  to  reiuodel  it,  and  to  giva  to  it  new  ’ 

I name — tlutt  it  might  not  be  confoundc  :1  with  previous  Cs..itions, 

! and  that  it  might  share  in  the  many  improvements  w’  h have 
•icen  introduced  ir  ‘o  the  New  iSerie.s.  *• 

I OiVERSIlT  ARITBMETIC.  The  object  of  this  work  is  to  te£.ch  Ij 
the  general  principles  and  science  of  Numbers,  and  also  to  extend  , ; 
their  applications,  not  to  i nange  the  me.  hod  of  application — these  | < 

I are,  and  should  be  the  same. 


